Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products

Objective: To optimize Selaginellae Herba Carbonisata (SH-Ca) processing using Box-Behnken Design Response Surface Methodology (BBD-RSM) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and comparatively evaluate its antioxidant enhancement over crude herb (SH-Cr) Meth...

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Main Authors: Wenting Zhong, Xi Wang, Hui Wang, Feng Gao, Menghua Wu, Zhiguo Ma, Tulin Lu, Hui Cao, Ying Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004016
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author Wenting Zhong
Xi Wang
Hui Wang
Feng Gao
Menghua Wu
Zhiguo Ma
Tulin Lu
Hui Cao
Ying Zhang
author_facet Wenting Zhong
Xi Wang
Hui Wang
Feng Gao
Menghua Wu
Zhiguo Ma
Tulin Lu
Hui Cao
Ying Zhang
author_sort Wenting Zhong
collection DOAJ
description Objective: To optimize Selaginellae Herba Carbonisata (SH-Ca) processing using Box-Behnken Design Response Surface Methodology (BBD-RSM) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and comparatively evaluate its antioxidant enhancement over crude herb (SH-Cr) Methods: Processing parameters (input quantity, temperature, time) were optimized via BBD-RSM-AHP-EWM, with quality assessed by carbon adsorption capacity (CAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), chromatic aberration value (CAV), and appearance characteristics scoring (ACS). Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of SH-Cr and SH-Ca were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging activity, OH radical scavenging activity, ABTS-based total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and FRAP-based T-AOC assays. Results: AHP and EWM were applied to assign appropriate weights to these indicators, with ACS (58.27 %) being the most critical parameter, followed by TFC (24.33 %), CAV (13.54 %), and ACS (3.86 %). Model validation confirmed that the optimized conditions (an input quantity of 28 g, a temperature of 315 ± 15 °C, a processing time of 9.5 min) produced consistent results. While SH-Cr showed superior DPPH radical scavenging at high concentrations, SH-Ca exhibited more stable but generally lower scavenging activity across all tested concentrations. In contrast, SH-Ca displayed significantly enhanced OH radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05) and FRAP-based T-AOC compared to SH-Cr (P < 0.05), with its most notable advantage in ABTS-based T-AOC (P < 0.05) at high concentrations. Conclusion: The integrated BBD-RSM-AHP-EWM approach enabled optimal processing of SH-Ca, with comparative analysis revealing that SH-Ca exhibited superior efficacy against radical-induced oxidative damage whereas SH-Cr showed stronger direct radical quenching capacity. These findings provide insights for developing natural antioxidants with customized properties.
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spelling doaj-art-d12e0a3a054b45568869f3b9824779e52025-08-20T03:56:04ZengElsevierJournal of Agriculture and Food Research2666-15432025-08-012210203010.1016/j.jafr.2025.102030Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed productsWenting Zhong0Xi Wang1Hui Wang2Feng Gao3Menghua Wu4Zhiguo Ma5Tulin Lu6Hui Cao7Ying Zhang8College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaResearch Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaResearch Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, ChinaResearch Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.Objective: To optimize Selaginellae Herba Carbonisata (SH-Ca) processing using Box-Behnken Design Response Surface Methodology (BBD-RSM) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and comparatively evaluate its antioxidant enhancement over crude herb (SH-Cr) Methods: Processing parameters (input quantity, temperature, time) were optimized via BBD-RSM-AHP-EWM, with quality assessed by carbon adsorption capacity (CAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), chromatic aberration value (CAV), and appearance characteristics scoring (ACS). Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of SH-Cr and SH-Ca were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging activity, OH radical scavenging activity, ABTS-based total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and FRAP-based T-AOC assays. Results: AHP and EWM were applied to assign appropriate weights to these indicators, with ACS (58.27 %) being the most critical parameter, followed by TFC (24.33 %), CAV (13.54 %), and ACS (3.86 %). Model validation confirmed that the optimized conditions (an input quantity of 28 g, a temperature of 315 ± 15 °C, a processing time of 9.5 min) produced consistent results. While SH-Cr showed superior DPPH radical scavenging at high concentrations, SH-Ca exhibited more stable but generally lower scavenging activity across all tested concentrations. In contrast, SH-Ca displayed significantly enhanced OH radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05) and FRAP-based T-AOC compared to SH-Cr (P < 0.05), with its most notable advantage in ABTS-based T-AOC (P < 0.05) at high concentrations. Conclusion: The integrated BBD-RSM-AHP-EWM approach enabled optimal processing of SH-Ca, with comparative analysis revealing that SH-Ca exhibited superior efficacy against radical-induced oxidative damage whereas SH-Cr showed stronger direct radical quenching capacity. These findings provide insights for developing natural antioxidants with customized properties.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004016Analytical Hierarchy processAntioxidant activityProcessing conditionsResponse surface methodologySelaginellae Herba
spellingShingle Wenting Zhong
Xi Wang
Hui Wang
Feng Gao
Menghua Wu
Zhiguo Ma
Tulin Lu
Hui Cao
Ying Zhang
Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
Analytical Hierarchy process
Antioxidant activity
Processing conditions
Response surface methodology
Selaginellae Herba
title Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
title_full Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
title_fullStr Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
title_full_unstemmed Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
title_short Multivariate optimization of Selaginellae Herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
title_sort multivariate optimization of selaginellae herba carbonization processing and its comparative analysis of antioxidant activity between crude and processed products
topic Analytical Hierarchy process
Antioxidant activity
Processing conditions
Response surface methodology
Selaginellae Herba
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004016
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