Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024
In the winter of 2023/2024, the mass death of swans was observed on Lake Karakol on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. From 21 December 2023 to 25 January 2024, 1132 swan corpses (<i>Cygnus olor</i>, <i>Cygnus cygnus</i>) were collected and disposed of on the coast by vete...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova Takhmina U. Argimbayeva Nurdos A. Aubakir Arailym Bopi Zamira D. Omarova Aibarys M. Melisbek Kobey Karamendin Aidyn Kydyrmanov Olga V. Chervyakova Aslan A. Kerimbayev Yerbol D. Burashev Yermukhanmet T. Kasymbekov Mukhit B. Orynbayev |
| author_facet | Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova Takhmina U. Argimbayeva Nurdos A. Aubakir Arailym Bopi Zamira D. Omarova Aibarys M. Melisbek Kobey Karamendin Aidyn Kydyrmanov Olga V. Chervyakova Aslan A. Kerimbayev Yerbol D. Burashev Yermukhanmet T. Kasymbekov Mukhit B. Orynbayev |
| author_sort | Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the winter of 2023/2024, the mass death of swans was observed on Lake Karakol on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. From 21 December 2023 to 25 January 2024, 1132 swan corpses (<i>Cygnus olor</i>, <i>Cygnus cygnus</i>) were collected and disposed of on the coast by veterinary services and ecologists. Biological samples were collected from 18 birds for analysis at different dates of the epizootic. It was found that the influenza outbreak was associated with a high concentration of migrating birds at Lake Karakol as a result of a sharp cold snap in the northern regions. At different dates of the epizootic, three avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4.b were isolated from dead birds and identified as highly pathogenic viruses (HPAIs) based on the amino acid sequence of the hemagglutinin multi-base proteolytic cleavage site (PLREKRRRKR/G). A phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses isolated from the swans had reassortations in the PB2, PB1, and NP genes between highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses. Avian influenza viruses A/<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>/Karakol lake/01/2024(H5N1) and A/<i>Mute swan</i>/Karakol lake/02/2024(H5N1) isolated on 10 January 2024 received PB2, PB1, and NP from LPAIV, while A/<i>Mute swan</i>/Mangystau/9809/2023(H5N1) isolated on 26 December 2023 received PB1 and NP from LPAIV, indicating that the H5N1 viruses in this study are new reassortants. All viruses showed amino acid substitutions in the PB2, PB1, NP, and NS1 segments, which are critical for enhanced virulence or adaptation in mammals. An analysis of the genomes of the isolated viruses showed that bird deaths during different periods of the epizootic were caused by different reassortant viruses. Kazakhstan is located at the crossroads of several migratory routes of migratory birds, and the possible participation of wild birds in the introduction of various pathogens into the regions of Kazakhstan requires further study. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cc2e796c22f4426a93bea6a552f3382d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-cc2e796c22f4426a93bea6a552f3382d2024-11-26T17:45:45ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152024-11-011422321110.3390/ani14223211Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova0Takhmina U. Argimbayeva1Nurdos A. Aubakir2Arailym Bopi3Zamira D. Omarova4Aibarys M. Melisbek5Kobey Karamendin6Aidyn Kydyrmanov7Olga V. Chervyakova8Aslan A. Kerimbayev9Yerbol D. Burashev10Yermukhanmet T. Kasymbekov11Mukhit B. Orynbayev12Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch and Production Center of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanResearch and Production Center of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanResearch and Production Center of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Gvardeiskiy 080409, KazakhstanIn the winter of 2023/2024, the mass death of swans was observed on Lake Karakol on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. From 21 December 2023 to 25 January 2024, 1132 swan corpses (<i>Cygnus olor</i>, <i>Cygnus cygnus</i>) were collected and disposed of on the coast by veterinary services and ecologists. Biological samples were collected from 18 birds for analysis at different dates of the epizootic. It was found that the influenza outbreak was associated with a high concentration of migrating birds at Lake Karakol as a result of a sharp cold snap in the northern regions. At different dates of the epizootic, three avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4.b were isolated from dead birds and identified as highly pathogenic viruses (HPAIs) based on the amino acid sequence of the hemagglutinin multi-base proteolytic cleavage site (PLREKRRRKR/G). A phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses isolated from the swans had reassortations in the PB2, PB1, and NP genes between highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses. Avian influenza viruses A/<i>Cygnus cygnus</i>/Karakol lake/01/2024(H5N1) and A/<i>Mute swan</i>/Karakol lake/02/2024(H5N1) isolated on 10 January 2024 received PB2, PB1, and NP from LPAIV, while A/<i>Mute swan</i>/Mangystau/9809/2023(H5N1) isolated on 26 December 2023 received PB1 and NP from LPAIV, indicating that the H5N1 viruses in this study are new reassortants. All viruses showed amino acid substitutions in the PB2, PB1, NP, and NS1 segments, which are critical for enhanced virulence or adaptation in mammals. An analysis of the genomes of the isolated viruses showed that bird deaths during different periods of the epizootic were caused by different reassortant viruses. Kazakhstan is located at the crossroads of several migratory routes of migratory birds, and the possible participation of wild birds in the introduction of various pathogens into the regions of Kazakhstan requires further study.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/22/3211Caspian Seaavian influenzawild birdsmute swanwhooper swanPCR |
| spellingShingle | Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova Takhmina U. Argimbayeva Nurdos A. Aubakir Arailym Bopi Zamira D. Omarova Aibarys M. Melisbek Kobey Karamendin Aidyn Kydyrmanov Olga V. Chervyakova Aslan A. Kerimbayev Yerbol D. Burashev Yermukhanmet T. Kasymbekov Mukhit B. Orynbayev Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 Animals Caspian Sea avian influenza wild birds mute swan whooper swan PCR |
| title | Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| title_full | Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| title_fullStr | Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| title_short | Reassortants of the Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Causing Mass Swan Mortality in Kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| title_sort | reassortants of the highly pathogenic influenza virus a h5n1 causing mass swan mortality in kazakhstan from 2023 to 2024 |
| topic | Caspian Sea avian influenza wild birds mute swan whooper swan PCR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/22/3211 |
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