Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Executive function deficits are commonly observed in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research investigates the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFT) in improving executive functions among this group. Studies were meticulously selected fo...

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Main Authors: Xiaoke Zhong, Xiaoxia Yuan, Yuanfu Dai, Xinbi Zhang, Changhao Jiang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94242-4
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author Xiaoke Zhong
Xiaoxia Yuan
Yuanfu Dai
Xinbi Zhang
Changhao Jiang
author_facet Xiaoke Zhong
Xiaoxia Yuan
Yuanfu Dai
Xinbi Zhang
Changhao Jiang
author_sort Xiaoke Zhong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Executive function deficits are commonly observed in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research investigates the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFT) in improving executive functions among this group. Studies were meticulously selected following stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of these studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Seventeen RCT studies were identified, totaling 939 participants. We observed significant improvements in global executive function (p < 0.055), inhibitory control (p < 0.0001) and working memory (p < 0.05) following NFT. Notably, NFT exceeding 1,260 min was more effective in enhancing inhibitory control (p < 0.01) and working memory (p < 0.01). Additionally, the effects of NFT on inhibitory control (p = 0.05) and working memory (p < 0.01) were found to be enduring. NFT is an effective intervention for improving inhibitory control and working memory in children with ADHD. Working memory exhibits a more significant enhancement when the duration exceeds 1260 min, while inhibitory control follows closely behind. Moreover, it has a more sustained effect on working memory, alongside a notable albeit secondary effect on inhibitory control.
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spelling doaj-art-c9b1181f81a64ce6abfbe4bd17c4d8272025-08-20T03:46:08ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-94242-4Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysisXiaoke Zhong0Xiaoxia Yuan1Yuanfu Dai2Xinbi Zhang3Changhao Jiang4School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal UniversityUniversity of BirminghamSchool of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and SportsSchool of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and SportsSchool of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and SportsAbstract Executive function deficits are commonly observed in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research investigates the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFT) in improving executive functions among this group. Studies were meticulously selected following stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of these studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Seventeen RCT studies were identified, totaling 939 participants. We observed significant improvements in global executive function (p < 0.055), inhibitory control (p < 0.0001) and working memory (p < 0.05) following NFT. Notably, NFT exceeding 1,260 min was more effective in enhancing inhibitory control (p < 0.01) and working memory (p < 0.01). Additionally, the effects of NFT on inhibitory control (p = 0.05) and working memory (p < 0.01) were found to be enduring. NFT is an effective intervention for improving inhibitory control and working memory in children with ADHD. Working memory exhibits a more significant enhancement when the duration exceeds 1260 min, while inhibitory control follows closely behind. Moreover, it has a more sustained effect on working memory, alongside a notable albeit secondary effect on inhibitory control.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94242-4Neurofeedback trainingExecutive functionADHDChildrenMeta-analysis
spellingShingle Xiaoke Zhong
Xiaoxia Yuan
Yuanfu Dai
Xinbi Zhang
Changhao Jiang
Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Scientific Reports
Neurofeedback training
Executive function
ADHD
Children
Meta-analysis
title Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_fullStr Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full_unstemmed Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_short Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_sort neurofeedback training for executive function in adhd children a systematic review and meta analysis
topic Neurofeedback training
Executive function
ADHD
Children
Meta-analysis
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94242-4
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AT xinbizhang neurofeedbacktrainingforexecutivefunctioninadhdchildrenasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT changhaojiang neurofeedbacktrainingforexecutivefunctioninadhdchildrenasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis