Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) can pose hazardous radiation risks to both humans and spacecraft electronics in space. Numerical modeling based on first principles offers valuable insights into the underlying physics of SEPs and provides synthetic observables for SEPs at any time and location in th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc4e3 |
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| author | Weihao Liu Igor V. Sokolov Lulu Zhao Tamas I. Gombosi Nishtha Sachdeva Xiaohang Chen Gábor Tóth David Lario Ward B. Manchester IV Kathryn Whitman Christina M. S. Cohen Alessandro Bruno M. Leila Mays Hazel M. Bain |
| author_facet | Weihao Liu Igor V. Sokolov Lulu Zhao Tamas I. Gombosi Nishtha Sachdeva Xiaohang Chen Gábor Tóth David Lario Ward B. Manchester IV Kathryn Whitman Christina M. S. Cohen Alessandro Bruno M. Leila Mays Hazel M. Bain |
| author_sort | Weihao Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Solar energetic particles (SEPs) can pose hazardous radiation risks to both humans and spacecraft electronics in space. Numerical modeling based on first principles offers valuable insights into the underlying physics of SEPs and provides synthetic observables for SEPs at any time and location in the inner heliosphere. In this work, we present a numerical scheme, which conserves the number of particles based on integral relations for Poisson brackets, to solve the kinetic equation for particle acceleration and transport processes. We implement this scheme within the Space Weather Modeling Framework, developed at the University of Michigan. In addition, we develop a new shock-capturing tool to study the coronal mass ejection-driven shock originating from the low solar corona. These methodological advancements are applied to conduct a comprehensive study of a historical SEP event on 2013 April 11. Observations from multiple spacecraft, including the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, Solar Dynamics Observatory, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Advanced Composition Explorer near Earth, and STEREO-A/B, are used for model–data comparison and validation. We show synthetic observables, including extreme ultraviolet and white-light images, proton time–intensity profiles, and energy spectra, and discuss their differences and probable explanations compared to observations. Our simulation results demonstrate the application of the Poisson bracket scheme with a particle solver to simulating a historical SEP event. We also show the capability of extracting the complex shock surface using our shock-capturing tool and understand how the complex shock surface affects the particle acceleration process. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c9151ddf7f9045c8a8fd05fa546b064d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-c9151ddf7f9045c8a8fd05fa546b064d2025-08-20T03:10:10ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198518210.3847/1538-4357/adc4e3Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle EventWeihao Liu0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-5688Igor V. Sokolov1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-0469Lulu Zhao2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-5288Tamas I. Gombosi3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-4951Nishtha Sachdeva4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-6133Xiaohang Chen5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-1772Gábor Tóth6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8459-2100David Lario7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-8704Ward B. Manchester IV8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-9408Kathryn Whitman9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-1622Christina M. S. Cohen10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0978-8127Alessandro Bruno11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-1662M. Leila Mays12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9177-8405Hazel M. Bain13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-3185Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduDepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduHeliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; whliu@umich.eduSpace Radiation Analysis Group, NASA Johnson Space Center , Houston, TX 77058, USA; KBR , Houston, TX 77002, USACalifornia Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USAHeliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics, Catholic University , Washington, DC 20064, USAHeliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USACooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO 80309, USA; NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center , Boulder, CO 80305, USASolar energetic particles (SEPs) can pose hazardous radiation risks to both humans and spacecraft electronics in space. Numerical modeling based on first principles offers valuable insights into the underlying physics of SEPs and provides synthetic observables for SEPs at any time and location in the inner heliosphere. In this work, we present a numerical scheme, which conserves the number of particles based on integral relations for Poisson brackets, to solve the kinetic equation for particle acceleration and transport processes. We implement this scheme within the Space Weather Modeling Framework, developed at the University of Michigan. In addition, we develop a new shock-capturing tool to study the coronal mass ejection-driven shock originating from the low solar corona. These methodological advancements are applied to conduct a comprehensive study of a historical SEP event on 2013 April 11. Observations from multiple spacecraft, including the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, Solar Dynamics Observatory, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Advanced Composition Explorer near Earth, and STEREO-A/B, are used for model–data comparison and validation. We show synthetic observables, including extreme ultraviolet and white-light images, proton time–intensity profiles, and energy spectra, and discuss their differences and probable explanations compared to observations. Our simulation results demonstrate the application of the Poisson bracket scheme with a particle solver to simulating a historical SEP event. We also show the capability of extracting the complex shock surface using our shock-capturing tool and understand how the complex shock surface affects the particle acceleration process.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc4e3Solar energetic particlesSolar coronal mass ejection shocksHeliosphereSpace weatherComputational methods |
| spellingShingle | Weihao Liu Igor V. Sokolov Lulu Zhao Tamas I. Gombosi Nishtha Sachdeva Xiaohang Chen Gábor Tóth David Lario Ward B. Manchester IV Kathryn Whitman Christina M. S. Cohen Alessandro Bruno M. Leila Mays Hazel M. Bain Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event The Astrophysical Journal Solar energetic particles Solar coronal mass ejection shocks Heliosphere Space weather Computational methods |
| title | Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_full | Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_fullStr | Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_short | Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event |
| title_sort | physics based simulation of the 2013 april 11 solar energetic particle event |
| topic | Solar energetic particles Solar coronal mass ejection shocks Heliosphere Space weather Computational methods |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc4e3 |
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