Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine
In order to address the issue of heart rate susceptibility to motion artifacts (MAs) when extracting it from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, a heart rate estimation algorithm based on the finite state machine (FSM) is proposed. The algorithm first applies band-pass filtering to the PPG and three...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11631 |
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| author | Ting Lan Yanan Bie Dong Hai Jun Zhong |
| author_facet | Ting Lan Yanan Bie Dong Hai Jun Zhong |
| author_sort | Ting Lan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In order to address the issue of heart rate susceptibility to motion artifacts (MAs) when extracting it from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, a heart rate estimation algorithm based on the finite state machine (FSM) is proposed. The algorithm first applies band-pass filtering to the PPG and three-axis acceleration signals. The strength of MA is assessed based on the acceleration data. If a strong MA is detected, recursive least squares (RLS) filtering is applied; otherwise, it is omitted. Then, the signal is subjected to an empirical wavelet transform (EWT). Based on the EWT results, the current state is identified, and the corresponding spectral peak screening method is selected to estimate the heart rate. The mean absolute errors of the algorithm on 12 sets of public data and 8 sets of testing data are 0.93 and 1.76 beats per minute (bpm), respectively. The results of the experiment show that compared with other dominant algorithms, the proposed algorithm estimates heart rate with a smaller mean absolute error and can extract heart rate more effectively. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c83d4215b58c4c71a7a4ff9ffcb1dab1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-c83d4215b58c4c71a7a4ff9ffcb1dab12024-12-27T14:07:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114241163110.3390/app142411631Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State MachineTing Lan0Yanan Bie1Dong Hai2Jun Zhong3School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Electronics & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSuzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, ChinaSuzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, ChinaIn order to address the issue of heart rate susceptibility to motion artifacts (MAs) when extracting it from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, a heart rate estimation algorithm based on the finite state machine (FSM) is proposed. The algorithm first applies band-pass filtering to the PPG and three-axis acceleration signals. The strength of MA is assessed based on the acceleration data. If a strong MA is detected, recursive least squares (RLS) filtering is applied; otherwise, it is omitted. Then, the signal is subjected to an empirical wavelet transform (EWT). Based on the EWT results, the current state is identified, and the corresponding spectral peak screening method is selected to estimate the heart rate. The mean absolute errors of the algorithm on 12 sets of public data and 8 sets of testing data are 0.93 and 1.76 beats per minute (bpm), respectively. The results of the experiment show that compared with other dominant algorithms, the proposed algorithm estimates heart rate with a smaller mean absolute error and can extract heart rate more effectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11631photoplethysmographyheart rate estimationmotion artifactfinite state machine |
| spellingShingle | Ting Lan Yanan Bie Dong Hai Jun Zhong Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine Applied Sciences photoplethysmography heart rate estimation motion artifact finite state machine |
| title | Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine |
| title_full | Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine |
| title_fullStr | Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine |
| title_short | Adaptive Estimation Algorithm for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Based on Finite State Machine |
| title_sort | adaptive estimation algorithm for photoplethysmographic heart rate based on finite state machine |
| topic | photoplethysmography heart rate estimation motion artifact finite state machine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11631 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tinglan adaptiveestimationalgorithmforphotoplethysmographicheartratebasedonfinitestatemachine AT yananbie adaptiveestimationalgorithmforphotoplethysmographicheartratebasedonfinitestatemachine AT donghai adaptiveestimationalgorithmforphotoplethysmographicheartratebasedonfinitestatemachine AT junzhong adaptiveestimationalgorithmforphotoplethysmographicheartratebasedonfinitestatemachine |