Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections

Abstract The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, combined with antigen exposures from different waves and vaccinations, poses challenges in updating COVID-19 vaccine antigens. We collected 206 sera from individuals with vaccination-only, hybrid immunity, and single or repeated omicron post-vac...

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Main Authors: Nungruthai Suntronwong, Sitthichai Kanokudom, Thaneeya Duangchinda, Warangkana Chantima, Pattarakul Pakchotanon, Sirapa Klinfueng, Jiratchaya Puenpa, Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn, Nasamon Wanlapakorn, Yong Poovorawan
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Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-01-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84138-0
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author Nungruthai Suntronwong
Sitthichai Kanokudom
Thaneeya Duangchinda
Warangkana Chantima
Pattarakul Pakchotanon
Sirapa Klinfueng
Jiratchaya Puenpa
Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
Nasamon Wanlapakorn
Yong Poovorawan
author_facet Nungruthai Suntronwong
Sitthichai Kanokudom
Thaneeya Duangchinda
Warangkana Chantima
Pattarakul Pakchotanon
Sirapa Klinfueng
Jiratchaya Puenpa
Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
Nasamon Wanlapakorn
Yong Poovorawan
author_sort Nungruthai Suntronwong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, combined with antigen exposures from different waves and vaccinations, poses challenges in updating COVID-19 vaccine antigens. We collected 206 sera from individuals with vaccination-only, hybrid immunity, and single or repeated omicron post-vaccination infections (PVIs), including non-JN.1 and JN.1, and evaluated neutralization against omicron BA.5, BA.2.75, BQ.1.1, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, and JN.1. Neutralizing antibodies exhibited a narrow breadth against BA.5 and BA.2.75 and failed to neutralize BQ.1.1 and XBB lineages after three to five doses of the ancestral monovalent vaccine. Hybrid immunity elicited higher neutralizing titers than vaccination alone, but titers remained relatively low. A single omicron PVI elicited lower neutralization titers to all variants compared to wild-type (WT), indicating immunological imprinting. Repeated omicron PVIs, particularly JN.1, slightly mitigated these effects by increasing broad neutralization responses to all variants, though not significantly. Antigenic mapping demonstrated that XBB lineages and JN.1 are antigenically distant from WT and also evaded antibodies induced by earlier omicron variants (BA.1–5) PVIs. However, repeated JN.1 PVIs shortened this antigenic distance, indicating broader neutralization across omicron variants. These findings highlight SARS-CoV-2 immunity following various antigen boosts and the impact of repeated omicron JN.1 exposure on broad immunity, informing future COVID-19 vaccination strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-c7b6e5586caf4b0a8b302668094038682025-01-12T12:16:47ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111110.1038/s41598-024-84138-0Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infectionsNungruthai Suntronwong0Sitthichai Kanokudom1Thaneeya Duangchinda2Warangkana Chantima3Pattarakul Pakchotanon4Sirapa Klinfueng5Jiratchaya Puenpa6Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn7Nasamon Wanlapakorn8Yong Poovorawan9Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityMolecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDADivision of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol UniversityMolecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDACenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityAbstract The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, combined with antigen exposures from different waves and vaccinations, poses challenges in updating COVID-19 vaccine antigens. We collected 206 sera from individuals with vaccination-only, hybrid immunity, and single or repeated omicron post-vaccination infections (PVIs), including non-JN.1 and JN.1, and evaluated neutralization against omicron BA.5, BA.2.75, BQ.1.1, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, and JN.1. Neutralizing antibodies exhibited a narrow breadth against BA.5 and BA.2.75 and failed to neutralize BQ.1.1 and XBB lineages after three to five doses of the ancestral monovalent vaccine. Hybrid immunity elicited higher neutralizing titers than vaccination alone, but titers remained relatively low. A single omicron PVI elicited lower neutralization titers to all variants compared to wild-type (WT), indicating immunological imprinting. Repeated omicron PVIs, particularly JN.1, slightly mitigated these effects by increasing broad neutralization responses to all variants, though not significantly. Antigenic mapping demonstrated that XBB lineages and JN.1 are antigenically distant from WT and also evaded antibodies induced by earlier omicron variants (BA.1–5) PVIs. However, repeated JN.1 PVIs shortened this antigenic distance, indicating broader neutralization across omicron variants. These findings highlight SARS-CoV-2 immunity following various antigen boosts and the impact of repeated omicron JN.1 exposure on broad immunity, informing future COVID-19 vaccination strategies.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84138-0COVID-19VaccineSARS-CoV-2OmicronAntigenic cartographyJN.1
spellingShingle Nungruthai Suntronwong
Sitthichai Kanokudom
Thaneeya Duangchinda
Warangkana Chantima
Pattarakul Pakchotanon
Sirapa Klinfueng
Jiratchaya Puenpa
Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
Nasamon Wanlapakorn
Yong Poovorawan
Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
Scientific Reports
COVID-19
Vaccine
SARS-CoV-2
Omicron
Antigenic cartography
JN.1
title Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
title_full Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
title_fullStr Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
title_full_unstemmed Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
title_short Neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple COVID 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non JN.1 or JN.1 infections
title_sort neutralization of omicron subvariants and antigenic cartography following multiple covid 19 vaccinations and repeated omicron non jn 1 or jn 1 infections
topic COVID-19
Vaccine
SARS-CoV-2
Omicron
Antigenic cartography
JN.1
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84138-0
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