C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays

Many prominent combinatorial sequences, such as the Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Jacobsthal and Tribonacci sequences, are defined by homogeneous linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients. These sequences are often referred to as <i>C</i>-finite sequences, and a variety of represe...

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Main Author: Donatella Merlini
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/23/3671
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author Donatella Merlini
author_facet Donatella Merlini
author_sort Donatella Merlini
collection DOAJ
description Many prominent combinatorial sequences, such as the Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Jacobsthal and Tribonacci sequences, are defined by homogeneous linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients. These sequences are often referred to as <i>C</i>-finite sequences, and a variety of representations have been employed throughout the literature, largely influenced by the author’s background and the specific application under consideration. Beyond the representation through recurrence relations, other approaches include those based on generating functions, explicit formulas, matrix exponentiation, the method of undetermined coefficients and several others. Among these, the generating function approach is particularly prevalent in enumerative combinatorics due to its versatility and widespread use. The primary objective of this work is to introduce an alternative representation grounded in the theory of Riordan arrays. This representation provides a general formula expressed in terms of the vectors of constants and initial conditions associated with any recurrence relation of a given order, offering a new perspective on the structure of such sequences.
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spelling doaj-art-c796271d141740a8b13d160fae6ed5db2024-12-13T16:27:22ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902024-11-011223367110.3390/math12233671C-Finite Sequences and Riordan ArraysDonatella Merlini0Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni, Università di Firenze, I-50134 Firenze, ItalyMany prominent combinatorial sequences, such as the Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Jacobsthal and Tribonacci sequences, are defined by homogeneous linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients. These sequences are often referred to as <i>C</i>-finite sequences, and a variety of representations have been employed throughout the literature, largely influenced by the author’s background and the specific application under consideration. Beyond the representation through recurrence relations, other approaches include those based on generating functions, explicit formulas, matrix exponentiation, the method of undetermined coefficients and several others. Among these, the generating function approach is particularly prevalent in enumerative combinatorics due to its versatility and widespread use. The primary objective of this work is to introduce an alternative representation grounded in the theory of Riordan arrays. This representation provides a general formula expressed in terms of the vectors of constants and initial conditions associated with any recurrence relation of a given order, offering a new perspective on the structure of such sequences.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/23/3671Riordan arrayscombinatorial identitiesgenerating functionsC-finite sequences
spellingShingle Donatella Merlini
C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
Mathematics
Riordan arrays
combinatorial identities
generating functions
C-finite sequences
title C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
title_full C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
title_fullStr C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
title_full_unstemmed C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
title_short C-Finite Sequences and Riordan Arrays
title_sort c finite sequences and riordan arrays
topic Riordan arrays
combinatorial identities
generating functions
C-finite sequences
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/23/3671
work_keys_str_mv AT donatellamerlini cfinitesequencesandriordanarrays