Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available. Despite the success of early interventions, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator administration and mechanical thrombectomy, many patients continue to experi...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Jihun Lee Dongho Geum Dong-Hyuk Park Jong-Hoon Kim |
| author_facet | Jihun Lee Dongho Geum Dong-Hyuk Park Jong-Hoon Kim |
| author_sort | Jihun Lee |
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| description | Ischemic stroke (IS) remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available. Despite the success of early interventions, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator administration and mechanical thrombectomy, many patients continue to experience persistent neurological deficits. The pathophysiology of IS is multifaceted, encompassing excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption, all of which contribute to neural cell death, further complicating the treatment of IS. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted naturally by various cell types have emerged as promising therapeutic agents because of their ability to facilitate selective cell-to-cell communication, neuroprotection, and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, engineered EVs, designed to enhance targeted delivery and therapeutic cargo, hold the potential to improve their therapeutic benefits by mitigating neuronal damage and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. This review summarizes the characteristics of EVs, the molecular mechanisms underlying IS pathophysiology, and the emerging role of EVs in IS treatment at the molecular level. This review also explores the recent advancements in EV engineering, including the incorporation of specific proteins, RNAs, or pharmacological agents into EVs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c6fd0c42daa94d3798b0f82b97b70ae5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-c6fd0c42daa94d3798b0f82b97b70ae52024-12-27T14:46:17ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232024-11-011612149210.3390/pharmaceutics16121492Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular VesiclesJihun Lee0Dongho Geum1Dong-Hyuk Park2Jong-Hoon Kim3Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Anam Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaLaboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaIschemic stroke (IS) remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available. Despite the success of early interventions, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator administration and mechanical thrombectomy, many patients continue to experience persistent neurological deficits. The pathophysiology of IS is multifaceted, encompassing excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption, all of which contribute to neural cell death, further complicating the treatment of IS. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted naturally by various cell types have emerged as promising therapeutic agents because of their ability to facilitate selective cell-to-cell communication, neuroprotection, and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, engineered EVs, designed to enhance targeted delivery and therapeutic cargo, hold the potential to improve their therapeutic benefits by mitigating neuronal damage and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. This review summarizes the characteristics of EVs, the molecular mechanisms underlying IS pathophysiology, and the emerging role of EVs in IS treatment at the molecular level. This review also explores the recent advancements in EV engineering, including the incorporation of specific proteins, RNAs, or pharmacological agents into EVs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1492ischemic strokepathophysiologyextracellular vesiclesextracellular vesicle engineering |
| spellingShingle | Jihun Lee Dongho Geum Dong-Hyuk Park Jong-Hoon Kim Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Pharmaceutics ischemic stroke pathophysiology extracellular vesicles extracellular vesicle engineering |
| title | Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles |
| title_full | Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles |
| title_short | Molecular Targeting of Ischemic Stroke: The Promise of Naïve and Engineered Extracellular Vesicles |
| title_sort | molecular targeting of ischemic stroke the promise of naive and engineered extracellular vesicles |
| topic | ischemic stroke pathophysiology extracellular vesicles extracellular vesicle engineering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1492 |
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