High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh
Abstract Background Anaemia is a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, yet data on the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the contribution of iron deficiency are limited. Given the reliance on groundwater for drinking, a better understanding of the role of drinking water iron in anaem...
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2024-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20480-2 |
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| author | Mohammed Imrul Hasan Shamim Ahmed Alistair R. D. McLean A. M Quaiyum Rahman Mohammad Saiful Alam Bhuiyan S. M. Mulk Uddin Tipu Sabine Braat Shams El Arifeen Jena D. Hamadani Sant-Rayn Pasricha Eliza M. Davidson |
| author_facet | Mohammed Imrul Hasan Shamim Ahmed Alistair R. D. McLean A. M Quaiyum Rahman Mohammad Saiful Alam Bhuiyan S. M. Mulk Uddin Tipu Sabine Braat Shams El Arifeen Jena D. Hamadani Sant-Rayn Pasricha Eliza M. Davidson |
| author_sort | Mohammed Imrul Hasan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Anaemia is a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, yet data on the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the contribution of iron deficiency are limited. Given the reliance on groundwater for drinking, a better understanding of the role of drinking water iron in anaemia aetiology is also required to inform anaemia prevention strategies. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 1500 pregnant women from Narayanganj district, Bangladesh, during their second or third trimester. Anaemia and iron status were described and their relationship with drinking water iron assessed using regression analyses. Results The prevalence of anaemia was 38% (95% confidence interval, CI: 35%, 40%), with 10% (95% CI: 9%, 12%) experiencing moderate-to-severe anaemia. Iron deficiency affected 48% (95% CI: 45%, 50%) of participants. Although drinking water iron concentrations were generally low (median: 0 mg/L; interquartile range: 0–1), high concentrations (≥ 2 mg/L) were associated with increased ferritin levels but did not significantly impact iron deficiency (95% CI: 0·73, 1·02) or anaemia (95% CI: 0·79, 1·17) prevalence. Iron deficient women had a 1·86 (95% CI: 1·61, 2·15) adjusted prevalence ratio for anaemia and a 4·22 (95% CI: 2·89, 6·17) adjusted prevalence ratio for moderate-to-severe anaemia, compared to iron replete women. Conclusions Anaemia and iron deficiency are highly prevalent among pregnant women in Narayanganj. These findings challenge the assumption of low iron deficiency prevalence throughout Bangladesh and highlight iron deficiency in pregnancy as a potentially underrecognized public health problem, particularly in regions with low drinking water iron. Further research is needed to clarify the contribution of drinking water iron to iron deficiency and anaemia in Bangladesh. Trial registration The study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000982819, registered 26/07/2021) |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c613e95e4d1549bcb356f753d9b9f676 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-c613e95e4d1549bcb356f753d9b9f6762024-11-10T12:46:20ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582024-11-0124111210.1186/s12889-024-20480-2High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of BangladeshMohammed Imrul Hasan0Shamim Ahmed1Alistair R. D. McLean2A. M Quaiyum Rahman3Mohammad Saiful Alam Bhuiyan4S. M. Mulk Uddin Tipu5Sabine Braat6Shams El Arifeen7Jena D. Hamadani8Sant-Rayn Pasricha9Eliza M. Davidson10Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchPopulation Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchPopulation Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMaternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchPopulation Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchPopulation Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchAbstract Background Anaemia is a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, yet data on the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the contribution of iron deficiency are limited. Given the reliance on groundwater for drinking, a better understanding of the role of drinking water iron in anaemia aetiology is also required to inform anaemia prevention strategies. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 1500 pregnant women from Narayanganj district, Bangladesh, during their second or third trimester. Anaemia and iron status were described and their relationship with drinking water iron assessed using regression analyses. Results The prevalence of anaemia was 38% (95% confidence interval, CI: 35%, 40%), with 10% (95% CI: 9%, 12%) experiencing moderate-to-severe anaemia. Iron deficiency affected 48% (95% CI: 45%, 50%) of participants. Although drinking water iron concentrations were generally low (median: 0 mg/L; interquartile range: 0–1), high concentrations (≥ 2 mg/L) were associated with increased ferritin levels but did not significantly impact iron deficiency (95% CI: 0·73, 1·02) or anaemia (95% CI: 0·79, 1·17) prevalence. Iron deficient women had a 1·86 (95% CI: 1·61, 2·15) adjusted prevalence ratio for anaemia and a 4·22 (95% CI: 2·89, 6·17) adjusted prevalence ratio for moderate-to-severe anaemia, compared to iron replete women. Conclusions Anaemia and iron deficiency are highly prevalent among pregnant women in Narayanganj. These findings challenge the assumption of low iron deficiency prevalence throughout Bangladesh and highlight iron deficiency in pregnancy as a potentially underrecognized public health problem, particularly in regions with low drinking water iron. Further research is needed to clarify the contribution of drinking water iron to iron deficiency and anaemia in Bangladesh. Trial registration The study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000982819, registered 26/07/2021)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20480-2AnaemiaIron deficiencyPregnancyDrinking water ironBangladesh |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Imrul Hasan Shamim Ahmed Alistair R. D. McLean A. M Quaiyum Rahman Mohammad Saiful Alam Bhuiyan S. M. Mulk Uddin Tipu Sabine Braat Shams El Arifeen Jena D. Hamadani Sant-Rayn Pasricha Eliza M. Davidson High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh BMC Public Health Anaemia Iron deficiency Pregnancy Drinking water iron Bangladesh |
| title | High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh |
| title_full | High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh |
| title_fullStr | High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh |
| title_full_unstemmed | High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh |
| title_short | High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh |
| title_sort | high anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of bangladesh |
| topic | Anaemia Iron deficiency Pregnancy Drinking water iron Bangladesh |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20480-2 |
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