Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring risk of intellectual disability: a UK-based cohort study

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring risk of intellectual disability: a UK-based cohort study

BackgroundObservational studies have described associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with intellectual disability (ID) in the exposed offspring. Whether these results reflect a causal effect or unmeasured confounding is still unclear.MethodsUsing a UK-based prospectively collected birth...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Paul Madley-Dowd, Richard Thomas, Andy Boyd, Stanley Zammit, Jon Heron, Dheeraj Rai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2024-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychiatry
Subjects:
ALSPAC
intellectual disability
negative control
prenatal exposure
smoking
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1352077/full
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