Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: Timely activation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is crucial for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Door-to-balloon (DTB) time, representing the duration from patient arrival to balloon inflation, is critical for prognosis. However, the...

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Main Authors: Shin-Ho Tsai, Yu-Ting Hsiao, Ya-Ni Yeh, Jih-Chun Lin, Shi-Quan Zhang, Ming-Jen Tsai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: eScholarship Publishing, University of California 2025-01-01
Series:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
Online Access:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q6149nn
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author Shin-Ho Tsai
Yu-Ting Hsiao
Ya-Ni Yeh
Jih-Chun Lin
Shi-Quan Zhang
Ming-Jen Tsai
author_facet Shin-Ho Tsai
Yu-Ting Hsiao
Ya-Ni Yeh
Jih-Chun Lin
Shi-Quan Zhang
Ming-Jen Tsai
author_sort Shin-Ho Tsai
collection DOAJ
description Background: Timely activation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is crucial for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Door-to-balloon (DTB) time, representing the duration from patient arrival to balloon inflation, is critical for prognosis. However, the specific time segment within the DTB that is most associated with long-term mortality remains unclear. In this study we aimed to identify the target time segment within the DTB that is most associated with one-year mortality in STEMI patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary teaching hospital. All patients diagnosed with STEMI and activated for primary PCI from the emergency department were identified between January 2013–December 2021. Patient demographics, medical history, triage information, electrocardiogram, troponin-I levels, and coronary angiography reports were obtained. We divided the DTB time into door-to-electrocardiogram (ECG), ECG-to-cardiac catheterization laboratory (cath lab) activation, activation-to-cath lab arrival, and cath lab arrival-to-balloon time. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to determine the independent effects of these time intervals on the risk of one-year mortality. Results: A total of 732 STEMI patients were included. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that delayed door-to-ECG time (>10 min) and cath lab arrival-to-balloon time (>30 min) were associated with a higher risk of one-year mortality (log-rank test, P < .001 and P = 0.01, respectively). In the multivariable Cox models, door-to-ECG time was a significant predictor for one-year mortality, whether it was analyzed as a dichotomized (>10 min vs ≤10 min) or a continuous variable. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were 2.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–5.55) for the dichotomized analysis, and 1.03 (95% CI 1.00–1.06) per minute increase, respectively. Cath lab arrival-to-balloon time also showed an independent effect on one-year mortality when analyzed as a continuous variable, with an aHR of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.04) per minute increase. However, ECG-to-cath lab activation and activation-to-cath lab arrival times did not show a significant association with the risk of one-year mortality. Conclusion: Within the door-to-balloon interval, the time from door-to-ECG completion is particularly crucial for one-year survival after STEMI, while cath lab arrival-to-balloon inflation may also be relevant.
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spelling doaj-art-c4fb852004bf4f9b9bdc863af8c51a1b2025-08-20T03:42:22ZengeScholarship Publishing, University of CaliforniaWestern Journal of Emergency Medicine1936-900X1936-90182025-01-0126218019010.5811/westjem.2077920779Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial InfarctionShin-Ho TsaiYu-Ting HsiaoYa-Ni YehJih-Chun LinShi-Quan ZhangMing-Jen TsaiBackground: Timely activation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is crucial for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Door-to-balloon (DTB) time, representing the duration from patient arrival to balloon inflation, is critical for prognosis. However, the specific time segment within the DTB that is most associated with long-term mortality remains unclear. In this study we aimed to identify the target time segment within the DTB that is most associated with one-year mortality in STEMI patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary teaching hospital. All patients diagnosed with STEMI and activated for primary PCI from the emergency department were identified between January 2013–December 2021. Patient demographics, medical history, triage information, electrocardiogram, troponin-I levels, and coronary angiography reports were obtained. We divided the DTB time into door-to-electrocardiogram (ECG), ECG-to-cardiac catheterization laboratory (cath lab) activation, activation-to-cath lab arrival, and cath lab arrival-to-balloon time. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to determine the independent effects of these time intervals on the risk of one-year mortality. Results: A total of 732 STEMI patients were included. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that delayed door-to-ECG time (>10 min) and cath lab arrival-to-balloon time (>30 min) were associated with a higher risk of one-year mortality (log-rank test, P < .001 and P = 0.01, respectively). In the multivariable Cox models, door-to-ECG time was a significant predictor for one-year mortality, whether it was analyzed as a dichotomized (>10 min vs ≤10 min) or a continuous variable. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were 2.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–5.55) for the dichotomized analysis, and 1.03 (95% CI 1.00–1.06) per minute increase, respectively. Cath lab arrival-to-balloon time also showed an independent effect on one-year mortality when analyzed as a continuous variable, with an aHR of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.04) per minute increase. However, ECG-to-cath lab activation and activation-to-cath lab arrival times did not show a significant association with the risk of one-year mortality. Conclusion: Within the door-to-balloon interval, the time from door-to-ECG completion is particularly crucial for one-year survival after STEMI, while cath lab arrival-to-balloon inflation may also be relevant.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q6149nn
spellingShingle Shin-Ho Tsai
Yu-Ting Hsiao
Ya-Ni Yeh
Jih-Chun Lin
Shi-Quan Zhang
Ming-Jen Tsai
Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
title Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
title_full Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
title_fullStr Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
title_full_unstemmed Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
title_short Critical Time Intervals in Door-to-Balloon Time Linked to One-Year Mortality in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
title_sort critical time intervals in door to balloon time linked to one year mortality in st elevation myocardial infarction
url https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q6149nn
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