Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection adversely affects rheological parameters, particularly red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and deformability, but whether these changes persist in patients suffering from Long-COVID (LC) and whether these changes are related to RBC morphology remain unknown. Methods: Ve...

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Main Authors: Marijke Grau, Alena Presche, Anna-Lena Krüger, Wilhelm Bloch, Björn Haiduk
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Biology
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/11/948
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author Marijke Grau
Alena Presche
Anna-Lena Krüger
Wilhelm Bloch
Björn Haiduk
author_facet Marijke Grau
Alena Presche
Anna-Lena Krüger
Wilhelm Bloch
Björn Haiduk
author_sort Marijke Grau
collection DOAJ
description Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection adversely affects rheological parameters, particularly red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and deformability, but whether these changes persist in patients suffering from Long-COVID (LC) and whether these changes are related to RBC morphology remain unknown. Methods: Venous blood was collected from <i>n</i> = 30 diagnosed LC patients and <i>n</i> = 30 non-LC controls and RBC deformability, RBC aggregation, and hematological parameters were measured. In addition, RBCs were examined microscopically for morphological abnormalities. The mechanical sensitivity index (MS) was assessed in <i>n</i> = 15 LC and <i>n</i> = 15 non-LC samples. Results: Hematological parameters did not differ between the groups. However, LC showed higher aggregation-related parameters. Although RBC deformability was higher in LC, MS, reflecting the functional capacity to deform, was limited in this group. RBCs from LC showed significantly more morphological abnormalities. The extent of morphological abnormalities correlated with MS and the FACIT-Fatigue score of the LC patients. Conclusion: RBCs from LC show a high degree of morphological abnormalities, which might limit the blood flow determining RBC properties and also be related to fatigue symptomatology in LC. Approaches are now needed to understand the underlying cause of these alterations and to ameliorate these permanent changes.
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spelling doaj-art-c1880ab19b0047f3b656f734b942d7dd2024-11-26T17:52:35ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372024-11-01131194810.3390/biology13110948Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVIDMarijke Grau0Alena Presche1Anna-Lena Krüger2Wilhelm Bloch3Björn Haiduk4Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, GermanyMolecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, GermanyMolecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, GermanyMolecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, GermanyS.P.O.R.T. Institut, Institute of Applied Sports Sciences, 51491 Overath, GermanyBackground: SARS-CoV-2 infection adversely affects rheological parameters, particularly red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and deformability, but whether these changes persist in patients suffering from Long-COVID (LC) and whether these changes are related to RBC morphology remain unknown. Methods: Venous blood was collected from <i>n</i> = 30 diagnosed LC patients and <i>n</i> = 30 non-LC controls and RBC deformability, RBC aggregation, and hematological parameters were measured. In addition, RBCs were examined microscopically for morphological abnormalities. The mechanical sensitivity index (MS) was assessed in <i>n</i> = 15 LC and <i>n</i> = 15 non-LC samples. Results: Hematological parameters did not differ between the groups. However, LC showed higher aggregation-related parameters. Although RBC deformability was higher in LC, MS, reflecting the functional capacity to deform, was limited in this group. RBCs from LC showed significantly more morphological abnormalities. The extent of morphological abnormalities correlated with MS and the FACIT-Fatigue score of the LC patients. Conclusion: RBCs from LC show a high degree of morphological abnormalities, which might limit the blood flow determining RBC properties and also be related to fatigue symptomatology in LC. Approaches are now needed to understand the underlying cause of these alterations and to ameliorate these permanent changes.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/11/948Long-COVIDred blood cellsmechanical sensitivity indexmorphologyRBC deformabilityRBC aggregation
spellingShingle Marijke Grau
Alena Presche
Anna-Lena Krüger
Wilhelm Bloch
Björn Haiduk
Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
Biology
Long-COVID
red blood cells
mechanical sensitivity index
morphology
RBC deformability
RBC aggregation
title Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
title_full Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
title_fullStr Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
title_full_unstemmed Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
title_short Red Blood Cell Morphology Is Associated with Altered Hemorheological Properties and Fatigue in Patients with Long COVID
title_sort red blood cell morphology is associated with altered hemorheological properties and fatigue in patients with long covid
topic Long-COVID
red blood cells
mechanical sensitivity index
morphology
RBC deformability
RBC aggregation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/11/948
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