Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine
Carbon nanomaterials that include different forms such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphite, nanodiamonds, carbon nanocones, amorphous carbon, as well as porous carbon, are quite distinguished by their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. This plays a major role i...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Numair Elahi Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi |
| author_facet | Numair Elahi Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi |
| author_sort | Numair Elahi |
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| description | Carbon nanomaterials that include different forms such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphite, nanodiamonds, carbon nanocones, amorphous carbon, as well as porous carbon, are quite distinguished by their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. This plays a major role in making them pivotal in various medical applications. The synthesis methods used for such nanomaterials, including techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), are able to offer very precise control over material purity, particle size, and scalability, enabling for nanomaterials catered for different specific applications. These materials have been explored in a range of different systems, which include drug-delivery systems, biosensors, tissue engineering, as well as advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and fluorescence imaging. Recent advancements, including green synthesis strategies and novel innovative approaches like ultrasonic cavitation, have improved both the precision as well as the scalability of carbon nanomaterial production. Despite challenges like biocompatibility and environmental concerns, these nanomaterials hold immense promise in revolutionizing personalized medicine, diagnostics, and regenerative therapies. Many of these applications are currently positioned at Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 3–4, with some systems advancing toward preclinical validation, highlighting their emerging translational potential in clinical settings. This review is specific in evaluating synthesis techniques of different carbon nanomaterials and establishing their modified properties for use in biomedicine. It focuses on how these techniques establish biocompatibility, scalability, and performance for use in medicines such as drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. The implications of nanostructure behavior in biological environments are further discussed, with emphasis on applications in imaging, drug delivery, and biosensing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c17e03d2a0444aed8b8b38f5cc8ec32d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2311-5629 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c17e03d2a0444aed8b8b38f5cc8ec32d2025-08-20T03:27:28ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292025-05-011123510.3390/c11020035Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and MedicineNumair Elahi0Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USAFaculty of Computing, Mathematics, Engineering and Natural Sciences, Northeastern University London, London E1W 1LP, UKCarbon nanomaterials that include different forms such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphite, nanodiamonds, carbon nanocones, amorphous carbon, as well as porous carbon, are quite distinguished by their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. This plays a major role in making them pivotal in various medical applications. The synthesis methods used for such nanomaterials, including techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), are able to offer very precise control over material purity, particle size, and scalability, enabling for nanomaterials catered for different specific applications. These materials have been explored in a range of different systems, which include drug-delivery systems, biosensors, tissue engineering, as well as advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and fluorescence imaging. Recent advancements, including green synthesis strategies and novel innovative approaches like ultrasonic cavitation, have improved both the precision as well as the scalability of carbon nanomaterial production. Despite challenges like biocompatibility and environmental concerns, these nanomaterials hold immense promise in revolutionizing personalized medicine, diagnostics, and regenerative therapies. Many of these applications are currently positioned at Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 3–4, with some systems advancing toward preclinical validation, highlighting their emerging translational potential in clinical settings. This review is specific in evaluating synthesis techniques of different carbon nanomaterials and establishing their modified properties for use in biomedicine. It focuses on how these techniques establish biocompatibility, scalability, and performance for use in medicines such as drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. The implications of nanostructure behavior in biological environments are further discussed, with emphasis on applications in imaging, drug delivery, and biosensing.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/2/35graphenecarbon nanotubesfullerenegraphitenanodiamondcarbon nanocones |
| spellingShingle | Numair Elahi Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine C graphene carbon nanotubes fullerene graphite nanodiamond carbon nanocones |
| title | Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine |
| title_full | Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine |
| title_fullStr | Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine |
| title_short | Advances in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Towards Their Application in Biomedical Engineering and Medicine |
| title_sort | advances in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials towards their application in biomedical engineering and medicine |
| topic | graphene carbon nanotubes fullerene graphite nanodiamond carbon nanocones |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/2/35 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT numairelahi advancesinthesynthesisofcarbonnanomaterialstowardstheirapplicationinbiomedicalengineeringandmedicine AT constantinosdzeinalipouryazdi advancesinthesynthesisofcarbonnanomaterialstowardstheirapplicationinbiomedicalengineeringandmedicine |