Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study investigates the impact of supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process parameters on the particle formation of telmisartan, a poorly water-soluble drug. <b>Methods:</b> A fractional factorial design was employed to examine the influence of...

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Main Authors: Eun-Sol Ha, Heejun Park, Ji-Su Jeong, Seon-Kwang Lee, Hui-Taek Kang, In-hwan Baek, Min-Soo Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Pharmaceutics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1508
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author Eun-Sol Ha
Heejun Park
Ji-Su Jeong
Seon-Kwang Lee
Hui-Taek Kang
In-hwan Baek
Min-Soo Kim
author_facet Eun-Sol Ha
Heejun Park
Ji-Su Jeong
Seon-Kwang Lee
Hui-Taek Kang
In-hwan Baek
Min-Soo Kim
author_sort Eun-Sol Ha
collection DOAJ
description <b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study investigates the impact of supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process parameters on the particle formation of telmisartan, a poorly water-soluble drug. <b>Methods:</b> A fractional factorial design was employed to examine the influence of the SAS process parameters, including solvent ratio, drug solution concentration, temperature, pressure, injection rate of drug solution, and CO₂ flow rate, on particle formation. Solid-state characterizations of the SAS process particles using XRD and FT-IR confirmed their amorphous nature. The effect of particle size on the kinetic solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of telmisartan was also assessed. <b>Results:</b> Using a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol, telmisartan amorphous nano-microparticles with sizes between 200 and 2000 nm were produced. The key parameters, particularly drug solution concentration and temperature, significantly affected the particle size. Interestingly, the ratio of the solvent mixture also had a significant effect on the particle morphology. Further experiments were performed to determine the conditions for preparing telmisartan amorphous nano-microparticles with various sizes by controlling the solvent mixture ratio and the concentration of the drug solution. It was revealed that a reduction in the amorphous particle size enhanced both the kinetic solubility and dissolution rates, leading to a significantly increased in vivo oral bioavailability in rats compared to unprocessed telmisartan. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that SAS processing, utilizing adjustments of process parameters, offers an effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by generating amorphous spherical nano-microparticles with optimized particle size.
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spelling doaj-art-bf9f1cba65e84e97979675c494cc096b2024-12-27T14:46:20ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232024-11-011612150810.3390/pharmaceutics16121508Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental DesignEun-Sol Ha0Heejun Park1Ji-Su Jeong2Seon-Kwang Lee3Hui-Taek Kang4In-hwan Baek5Min-Soo Kim6College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 309, Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48434, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea<b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study investigates the impact of supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process parameters on the particle formation of telmisartan, a poorly water-soluble drug. <b>Methods:</b> A fractional factorial design was employed to examine the influence of the SAS process parameters, including solvent ratio, drug solution concentration, temperature, pressure, injection rate of drug solution, and CO₂ flow rate, on particle formation. Solid-state characterizations of the SAS process particles using XRD and FT-IR confirmed their amorphous nature. The effect of particle size on the kinetic solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of telmisartan was also assessed. <b>Results:</b> Using a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol, telmisartan amorphous nano-microparticles with sizes between 200 and 2000 nm were produced. The key parameters, particularly drug solution concentration and temperature, significantly affected the particle size. Interestingly, the ratio of the solvent mixture also had a significant effect on the particle morphology. Further experiments were performed to determine the conditions for preparing telmisartan amorphous nano-microparticles with various sizes by controlling the solvent mixture ratio and the concentration of the drug solution. It was revealed that a reduction in the amorphous particle size enhanced both the kinetic solubility and dissolution rates, leading to a significantly increased in vivo oral bioavailability in rats compared to unprocessed telmisartan. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that SAS processing, utilizing adjustments of process parameters, offers an effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by generating amorphous spherical nano-microparticles with optimized particle size.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1508supercritical antisolvent processnano-microparticlesbioavailabilitytelmisartan
spellingShingle Eun-Sol Ha
Heejun Park
Ji-Su Jeong
Seon-Kwang Lee
Hui-Taek Kang
In-hwan Baek
Min-Soo Kim
Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
Pharmaceutics
supercritical antisolvent process
nano-microparticles
bioavailability
telmisartan
title Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
title_full Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
title_fullStr Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
title_short Effect of Process Parameters on Nano-Microparticle Formation During Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Mixed Solvent: Application for Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Telmisartan Through Particle-Size Control Based on Experimental Design
title_sort effect of process parameters on nano microparticle formation during supercritical antisolvent process using mixed solvent application for enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of telmisartan through particle size control based on experimental design
topic supercritical antisolvent process
nano-microparticles
bioavailability
telmisartan
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1508
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