Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies
David Francis Olebo,1– 3 Matthew Chibunna Igwe1 1Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda; 2Komase Ebenezer Research Centre, Fort Portal City, Uganda; 3Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala City, UgandaCorrespo...
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Dove Medical Press
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Infection and Drug Resistance |
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| description | David Francis Olebo,1– 3 Matthew Chibunna Igwe1 1Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda; 2Komase Ebenezer Research Centre, Fort Portal City, Uganda; 3Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala City, UgandaCorrespondence: David Francis Olebo; Matthew Chibunna Igwe, Email olebodavidfrancis@gmail.com; igwechibunna@gmail.comIntroduction: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are significant 21st-century pandemics with distinct virological and clinical characteristics. COVID-19 primarily presents as an acute respiratory illness, while HIV leads to chronic immune suppression. Understanding their differences can enhance public health strategies and treatment approaches.Purpose: This narrative review compares the virology, transmission, immune responses, and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to inform treatment strategies and public health interventions.Methods: A narrative review was conducted, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed literature and expert commentary from 2010 to 2024. Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies.Results: SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through airborne droplets and contaminated surfaces, while HIV transmits through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 involves both innate and adaptive systems, potentially leading to a cytokine storm in severe cases. In contrast, HIV evades the immune system by integrating into host cells, resulting in chronic infection and progressive immune deterioration. Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 focuses on symptom management and prevention, with antiviral medications and vaccines playing crucial roles. Conversely, HIV treatment relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress viral replication and maintain immune function.Conclusion: The review highlights the acute nature of SARS-CoV-2 versus the chronic progression of HIV. Tailored prevention and treatment strategies are essential for effective disease management.Recommendations: Public health strategies should address the unique transmission routes and progression of both viruses. Further research into vaccine development and therapeutic interventions is critical for improving disease management.Keywords: COVID-19, HIV, viral transmission, immune response, disease progression |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ba07ce278bfc4ed6bb9f7ce1c60e6792 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1178-6973 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infection and Drug Resistance |
| spelling | doaj-art-ba07ce278bfc4ed6bb9f7ce1c60e67922025-01-16T16:17:13ZengDove Medical PressInfection and Drug Resistance1178-69732025-01-01Volume 1826928399261Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment StrategiesOlebo DFIgwe MCDavid Francis Olebo,1– 3 Matthew Chibunna Igwe1 1Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda; 2Komase Ebenezer Research Centre, Fort Portal City, Uganda; 3Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala City, UgandaCorrespondence: David Francis Olebo; Matthew Chibunna Igwe, Email olebodavidfrancis@gmail.com; igwechibunna@gmail.comIntroduction: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are significant 21st-century pandemics with distinct virological and clinical characteristics. COVID-19 primarily presents as an acute respiratory illness, while HIV leads to chronic immune suppression. Understanding their differences can enhance public health strategies and treatment approaches.Purpose: This narrative review compares the virology, transmission, immune responses, and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to inform treatment strategies and public health interventions.Methods: A narrative review was conducted, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed literature and expert commentary from 2010 to 2024. Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies.Results: SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through airborne droplets and contaminated surfaces, while HIV transmits through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 involves both innate and adaptive systems, potentially leading to a cytokine storm in severe cases. In contrast, HIV evades the immune system by integrating into host cells, resulting in chronic infection and progressive immune deterioration. Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 focuses on symptom management and prevention, with antiviral medications and vaccines playing crucial roles. Conversely, HIV treatment relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress viral replication and maintain immune function.Conclusion: The review highlights the acute nature of SARS-CoV-2 versus the chronic progression of HIV. Tailored prevention and treatment strategies are essential for effective disease management.Recommendations: Public health strategies should address the unique transmission routes and progression of both viruses. Further research into vaccine development and therapeutic interventions is critical for improving disease management.Keywords: COVID-19, HIV, viral transmission, immune response, disease progressionhttps://www.dovepress.com/comparative-analysis-of-virology-and-pathogenesis-of-sars-cov-2-and-hi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDRcovid-19hivviral transmissionimmune responsedisease progression. |
| spellingShingle | Olebo DF Igwe MC Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies Infection and Drug Resistance covid-19 hiv viral transmission immune response disease progression. |
| title | Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies |
| title_full | Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies |
| title_short | Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of virology and pathogenesis of sars cov 2 and hiv infections implications for public health and treatment strategies |
| topic | covid-19 hiv viral transmission immune response disease progression. |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/comparative-analysis-of-virology-and-pathogenesis-of-sars-cov-2-and-hi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR |
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