Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission
Grapevine red blotch is an emerging disease that threatens vineyard productions in North America. Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, species <i>Grablovirus vitis</i>, genus <i>Grablovirus</i>, family <i>Geminiviridae</i>), the causal agent of red blotch disease, is...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Victoria J. Hoyle Mackenzi Schultz Elliot J. McGinnity Schneider Brandon G. Roy Marc Fuchs |
| author_facet | Victoria J. Hoyle Mackenzi Schultz Elliot J. McGinnity Schneider Brandon G. Roy Marc Fuchs |
| author_sort | Victoria J. Hoyle |
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| description | Grapevine red blotch is an emerging disease that threatens vineyard productions in North America. Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, species <i>Grablovirus vitis</i>, genus <i>Grablovirus</i>, family <i>Geminiviridae</i>), the causal agent of red blotch disease, is transmitted by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in a circulative, non-propagative mode. To gain new insight into GRBV-<i>S. festinus</i> interactions, we delved into vertical transmission and documented a lack of transovarial transmission. In addition, we investigated <i>S. festinus</i> sex differences in the horizontal transmission of GRBV by creating small arenas with 30 detached trifoliates of common snap bean, an experimental host of GRBV, and a preferred feeding host of <i>S. festinus</i>. Tracking the movement of viruliferous males, females, or a combination of the two sexes over two weeks in replicated experiments demonstrated that male <i>S. festinus</i> dispersed more than females with specimens of both sexes predominantly grouping together on trifoliates spatially surrounding the trifoliate onto which they were released. These behaviors resulted in a greater rate of GRBV transmission by <i>S. festinus</i> males (17%, 20 of 120) than females (4%, 5 of 120) or mixed-sex cohorts (9%, 17 of 180). In arenas with aviruliferous <i>S. festinus</i> and one (single) or four (hotspot) GRBV-infected trifoliates out of 30 total trifoliates, a higher GRBV transmission rate by males was confirmed in both single infection (50%, 30 of 60) and hotspot infection (83%, 50 of 60) arenas than by females in single infection (35%, 21 of 60) and hotspot infection (67%, 40 of 60) arenas. These findings highlighted sex-associated differences in the transmission of GRBV by <i>S. festinus</i> and a positive correlation between the initial virus prevalence and the rate of transmission. Finally, the secondary spread of GRBV resulted primarily from <i>S. festinus</i> dispersal by walking or jumping. Together, these unique GRBV transmission features support the need to characterize dispersal behaviors of <i>S. festinus</i> in vineyard ecosystems. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b7e1e7cabf184ca29c0dafcf838db0c12024-12-27T14:31:29ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502024-12-011512101410.3390/insects15121014Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal TransmissionVictoria J. Hoyle0Mackenzi Schultz1Elliot J. McGinnity Schneider2Brandon G. Roy3Marc Fuchs4School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USACollege of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USASchool of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USASchool of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USASchool of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USAGrapevine red blotch is an emerging disease that threatens vineyard productions in North America. Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, species <i>Grablovirus vitis</i>, genus <i>Grablovirus</i>, family <i>Geminiviridae</i>), the causal agent of red blotch disease, is transmitted by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in a circulative, non-propagative mode. To gain new insight into GRBV-<i>S. festinus</i> interactions, we delved into vertical transmission and documented a lack of transovarial transmission. In addition, we investigated <i>S. festinus</i> sex differences in the horizontal transmission of GRBV by creating small arenas with 30 detached trifoliates of common snap bean, an experimental host of GRBV, and a preferred feeding host of <i>S. festinus</i>. Tracking the movement of viruliferous males, females, or a combination of the two sexes over two weeks in replicated experiments demonstrated that male <i>S. festinus</i> dispersed more than females with specimens of both sexes predominantly grouping together on trifoliates spatially surrounding the trifoliate onto which they were released. These behaviors resulted in a greater rate of GRBV transmission by <i>S. festinus</i> males (17%, 20 of 120) than females (4%, 5 of 120) or mixed-sex cohorts (9%, 17 of 180). In arenas with aviruliferous <i>S. festinus</i> and one (single) or four (hotspot) GRBV-infected trifoliates out of 30 total trifoliates, a higher GRBV transmission rate by males was confirmed in both single infection (50%, 30 of 60) and hotspot infection (83%, 50 of 60) arenas than by females in single infection (35%, 21 of 60) and hotspot infection (67%, 40 of 60) arenas. These findings highlighted sex-associated differences in the transmission of GRBV by <i>S. festinus</i> and a positive correlation between the initial virus prevalence and the rate of transmission. Finally, the secondary spread of GRBV resulted primarily from <i>S. festinus</i> dispersal by walking or jumping. Together, these unique GRBV transmission features support the need to characterize dispersal behaviors of <i>S. festinus</i> in vineyard ecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/12/1014grapevine red blotch virus<i>Spissistilus festinus</i>transovarial transmissiondispersal behaviorsex-associated transmission |
| spellingShingle | Victoria J. Hoyle Mackenzi Schultz Elliot J. McGinnity Schneider Brandon G. Roy Marc Fuchs Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission Insects grapevine red blotch virus <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> transovarial transmission dispersal behavior sex-associated transmission |
| title | Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission |
| title_full | Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission |
| title_fullStr | Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission |
| title_short | Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission |
| title_sort | lack of vertical transmission of grapevine red blotch virus by i spissistilus festinus i and sex associated differences in horizontal transmission |
| topic | grapevine red blotch virus <i>Spissistilus festinus</i> transovarial transmission dispersal behavior sex-associated transmission |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/12/1014 |
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