Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) offers orbit and clock corrections through the B2b signal, enabling Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without relying on ground communication networks. This capability supports applications such as aerial and maritime mapping. However, achieving high precis...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Lewen Zhao Wei Zhai |
| author_facet | Lewen Zhao Wei Zhai |
| author_sort | Lewen Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) offers orbit and clock corrections through the B2b signal, enabling Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without relying on ground communication networks. This capability supports applications such as aerial and maritime mapping. However, achieving high precision during the convergence period remains challenging, particularly for missions with short observation durations. To address this, we analyze the performance of PPP over short periods using PPP-B2b products and propose using the backward smoothing method to enhance the accuracy during the convergence period. Evaluation of the accuracy of PPP-B2b products shows that the orbit and clock accuracy of the BDS surpass those of GPS. Specifically, the BDS achieves orbit accuracies of 0.059 m, 0.178 m, and 0.186 m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track components, respectively, with a clock accuracy within 0.13 ns. The hourly static PPP achieves 0.5 m and 0.1 m accuracies with convergence times of 4.5 and 25 min at a 50% proportion, respectively. Nonetheless, 7.07% to 23.79% of sessions fail to converge to 0.1 m due to the limited availability of GPS and BDS corrections at certain stations. Simulated kinematic PPP requires an additional 1–4 min to reach the same accuracy as the static PPP. Using the backward smoothing method significantly enhances accuracy, achieving 0.024 m, 0.046 m, and 0.053 m in the north, east, and up directions, respectively. For vehicle-based positioning, forward PPP can achieve a horizontal accuracy better than 0.5 m within 4 min; however, during the convergence period, positioning errors may exceed 1.5 m and 3.0 m in the east and up direction. By applying the smoothing method, horizontal accuracy can reach better than 0.2 m, while the vertical accuracy can improve to better than 0.3 m. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b670495e2a0c47f1baab0754c1108464 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-b670495e2a0c47f1baab0754c11084642025-01-10T13:19:59ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011712510.3390/rs17010025Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing MethodLewen Zhao0Wei Zhai1School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaThe BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) offers orbit and clock corrections through the B2b signal, enabling Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without relying on ground communication networks. This capability supports applications such as aerial and maritime mapping. However, achieving high precision during the convergence period remains challenging, particularly for missions with short observation durations. To address this, we analyze the performance of PPP over short periods using PPP-B2b products and propose using the backward smoothing method to enhance the accuracy during the convergence period. Evaluation of the accuracy of PPP-B2b products shows that the orbit and clock accuracy of the BDS surpass those of GPS. Specifically, the BDS achieves orbit accuracies of 0.059 m, 0.178 m, and 0.186 m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track components, respectively, with a clock accuracy within 0.13 ns. The hourly static PPP achieves 0.5 m and 0.1 m accuracies with convergence times of 4.5 and 25 min at a 50% proportion, respectively. Nonetheless, 7.07% to 23.79% of sessions fail to converge to 0.1 m due to the limited availability of GPS and BDS corrections at certain stations. Simulated kinematic PPP requires an additional 1–4 min to reach the same accuracy as the static PPP. Using the backward smoothing method significantly enhances accuracy, achieving 0.024 m, 0.046 m, and 0.053 m in the north, east, and up directions, respectively. For vehicle-based positioning, forward PPP can achieve a horizontal accuracy better than 0.5 m within 4 min; however, during the convergence period, positioning errors may exceed 1.5 m and 3.0 m in the east and up direction. By applying the smoothing method, horizontal accuracy can reach better than 0.2 m, while the vertical accuracy can improve to better than 0.3 m.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/25precise point positioningB2breal timekinematic PPPvehicle |
| spellingShingle | Lewen Zhao Wei Zhai Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method Remote Sensing precise point positioning B2b real time kinematic PPP vehicle |
| title | Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method |
| title_full | Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method |
| title_short | Assessment of PPP Using BDS PPP-B2b Products with Short-Time-Span Observations and Backward Smoothing Method |
| title_sort | assessment of ppp using bds ppp b2b products with short time span observations and backward smoothing method |
| topic | precise point positioning B2b real time kinematic PPP vehicle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/25 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lewenzhao assessmentofpppusingbdspppb2bproductswithshorttimespanobservationsandbackwardsmoothingmethod AT weizhai assessmentofpppusingbdspppb2bproductswithshorttimespanobservationsandbackwardsmoothingmethod |