The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated by the 20th century. The toxicokin...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/12/875 |
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| author | Slavena Davidova Viktor Milushev Galina Satchanska |
| author_facet | Slavena Davidova Viktor Milushev Galina Satchanska |
| author_sort | Slavena Davidova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated by the 20th century. The toxicokinetics and dynamics of Cd reveal its propensity for long biological retention and predominant storage in soft tissues. Until the 1950s, Cd pollution was caused by industrial activities, whereas nowadays, the main source is phosphate fertilizers, which strongly contaminate soil and water and affect human health and ecosystems. Cd enters the human body mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with food and tobacco smoke being the primary sources. It accumulates in various organs, particularly the kidney and liver, and is known to cause severe health problems, including renal dysfunction, bone diseases, cardiovascular problems, and many others. On a cellular level, Cd disrupts numerous biological processes, inducing oxidative stress generation and DNA damage. This comprehensive review explores Cd pollution, accumulation, distribution, and biological impacts on bacteria, fungi, edible mushrooms, plants, animals, and humans on a molecular level. Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, specific gene expression, stress protein synthesis, and ROS formation caused by Cd were discussed as well. This paper also summarizes how Cd is removed from contaminated environments and the human body. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b4a201a898ec416b978242b19ff1050e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-b4a201a898ec416b978242b19ff1050e2024-12-27T14:56:40ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042024-11-01121287510.3390/toxics12120875The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living OrganismsSlavena Davidova0Viktor Milushev1Galina Satchanska2UPIZ Educational and Research Laboratory of Biology-MF-NBU, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, BulgariaUPIZ Educational and Research Laboratory of Biology-MF-NBU, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, BulgariaUPIZ Educational and Research Laboratory of Biology-MF-NBU, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, BulgariaCadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated by the 20th century. The toxicokinetics and dynamics of Cd reveal its propensity for long biological retention and predominant storage in soft tissues. Until the 1950s, Cd pollution was caused by industrial activities, whereas nowadays, the main source is phosphate fertilizers, which strongly contaminate soil and water and affect human health and ecosystems. Cd enters the human body mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with food and tobacco smoke being the primary sources. It accumulates in various organs, particularly the kidney and liver, and is known to cause severe health problems, including renal dysfunction, bone diseases, cardiovascular problems, and many others. On a cellular level, Cd disrupts numerous biological processes, inducing oxidative stress generation and DNA damage. This comprehensive review explores Cd pollution, accumulation, distribution, and biological impacts on bacteria, fungi, edible mushrooms, plants, animals, and humans on a molecular level. Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, specific gene expression, stress protein synthesis, and ROS formation caused by Cd were discussed as well. This paper also summarizes how Cd is removed from contaminated environments and the human body.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/12/875Cd pollutionCd toxicitybacteriaplantsanimalshuman |
| spellingShingle | Slavena Davidova Viktor Milushev Galina Satchanska The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms Toxics Cd pollution Cd toxicity bacteria plants animals human |
| title | The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms |
| title_full | The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms |
| title_fullStr | The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms |
| title_short | The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms |
| title_sort | mechanisms of cadmium toxicity in living organisms |
| topic | Cd pollution Cd toxicity bacteria plants animals human |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/12/875 |
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