Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020

Digital advertising is now a commonplace feature of political communication in the United States. Previous research has documented the key innovations associated with digital political advertising and its consequences for campaigns and elections. However, a comprehensive picture of political spendi...

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Main Authors: Adam Sheingate, James Scharf, Conner Delahanty
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: HOPE 2022-11-01
Series:Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media
Subjects:
Online Access:https://journalqd.org/article/view/3608
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author Adam Sheingate
James Scharf
Conner Delahanty
author_facet Adam Sheingate
James Scharf
Conner Delahanty
author_sort Adam Sheingate
collection DOAJ
description Digital advertising is now a commonplace feature of political communication in the United States. Previous research has documented the key innovations associated with digital political advertising and its consequences for campaigns and elections. However, a comprehensive picture of political spending on digital advertising remains elusive because of the challenges associated with accessing and analyzing data. We address this challenge with a unique dataset (N=3,639,166) derived from over 13 million expenditure records reported to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) between 2004 and 2020. Employing a machine learning model to classify expenditures into nine categories including digital ads and services, this paper makes four key observations. First, 2020 was a watershed election in the growth of digital campaign spending. Second, there are clear partisan differences in the resources allocated to digital advertising. Third, platform companies play a central role in an otherwise partisan market for digital ads and services. Fourth, digital platforms and consultants occupy a distinct ideological niche within each party.
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series Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media
spelling doaj-art-b2a3686093734de4b9a98a536717fff32025-08-20T04:01:02ZengHOPEJournal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media2673-88132022-11-01210.51685/jqd.2022.026Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020Adam Sheingate0James Scharf1Conner Delahanty2Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University Digital advertising is now a commonplace feature of political communication in the United States. Previous research has documented the key innovations associated with digital political advertising and its consequences for campaigns and elections. However, a comprehensive picture of political spending on digital advertising remains elusive because of the challenges associated with accessing and analyzing data. We address this challenge with a unique dataset (N=3,639,166) derived from over 13 million expenditure records reported to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) between 2004 and 2020. Employing a machine learning model to classify expenditures into nine categories including digital ads and services, this paper makes four key observations. First, 2020 was a watershed election in the growth of digital campaign spending. Second, there are clear partisan differences in the resources allocated to digital advertising. Third, platform companies play a central role in an otherwise partisan market for digital ads and services. Fourth, digital platforms and consultants occupy a distinct ideological niche within each party. https://journalqd.org/article/view/3608Political advertisingPolitical CampaignsU.S. elections
spellingShingle Adam Sheingate
James Scharf
Conner Delahanty
Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media
Political advertising
Political Campaigns
U.S. elections
title Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
title_full Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
title_fullStr Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
title_full_unstemmed Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
title_short Digital Advertising in U.S. Federal Elections, 2004-2020
title_sort digital advertising in u s federal elections 2004 2020
topic Political advertising
Political Campaigns
U.S. elections
url https://journalqd.org/article/view/3608
work_keys_str_mv AT adamsheingate digitaladvertisinginusfederalelections20042020
AT jamesscharf digitaladvertisinginusfederalelections20042020
AT connerdelahanty digitaladvertisinginusfederalelections20042020