Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants
Empirical studies are valuable for assessing soil and water pollution, as they can reduce costs and save time. The present study discusses previous research results using a questionnaire to gather experts’ judgments on technical issues and potential pollution related to the vulnerability of Wastewat...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos Ploutarchos N. Kerpelis Dimitrios E. Alexakis |
| author_facet | Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos Ploutarchos N. Kerpelis Dimitrios E. Alexakis |
| author_sort | Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos |
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| description | Empirical studies are valuable for assessing soil and water pollution, as they can reduce costs and save time. The present study discusses previous research results using a questionnaire to gather experts’ judgments on technical issues and potential pollution related to the vulnerability of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Greece. The questionnaire included 44 closed-type questions based on the Likert Scale. It was distributed to a representative sample of 116 operators over seven (7) months (April–November 2021). Geographical Information Systems (GISs) were employed to visualize the spatial distribution of the seismic vulnerability of WWTPs. The study outputs include eight (8) maps depicting the spatial distribution of seismic vulnerability, both with and considering soil–water pollution, by calculating the existence of seismic hazards and identifying potentially affected regions. Additionally, eight (8) tables support this analysis. The survey findings highlight the most vulnerable regions and WWTPs in the country. The results suggest that after excluding Zone III, the WWTPs of Zone II of the national Seismic Hazard Map (SHM) are estimated to be the most vulnerable. This study spatially visualizes the indicator of seismic vulnerability (ISV) and the seismic vulnerability index concerning potential soil–water pollution (ISV-REF), according to the SHM and regions. Most WWTPs have low ISV-REF, while maps illustrate the exceedance of that parameter, identifying the safest units and indicating that Zone I has the safest units according to the exceedance percentages. Integrating data on regions, ISV, ISV-REF, and their exceedance in GIS could lead to authorities’ and technicians’ decisions to implement quick measures. Researchers should also focus their studies more precisely, mitigating the seismic vulnerability of critical infrastructure, such as WWTPs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-afc82c1e323744b885b6fd3ec1d32031 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-afc82c1e323744b885b6fd3ec1d320312025-01-10T13:14:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0115123910.3390/app15010239Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment PlantsSpyridon K. Golfinopoulos0Ploutarchos N. Kerpelis1Dimitrios E. Alexakis2Department of Financial and Management Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aegean, 41 Kountourioti Str., GR-82132 Chios, GreeceLaboratory of Geoenvironmental Science and Environmental Quality Assurance, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, 250 Thivon Str., GR-12241 Egaleo, GreeceLaboratory of Geoenvironmental Science and Environmental Quality Assurance, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, 250 Thivon Str., GR-12241 Egaleo, GreeceEmpirical studies are valuable for assessing soil and water pollution, as they can reduce costs and save time. The present study discusses previous research results using a questionnaire to gather experts’ judgments on technical issues and potential pollution related to the vulnerability of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Greece. The questionnaire included 44 closed-type questions based on the Likert Scale. It was distributed to a representative sample of 116 operators over seven (7) months (April–November 2021). Geographical Information Systems (GISs) were employed to visualize the spatial distribution of the seismic vulnerability of WWTPs. The study outputs include eight (8) maps depicting the spatial distribution of seismic vulnerability, both with and considering soil–water pollution, by calculating the existence of seismic hazards and identifying potentially affected regions. Additionally, eight (8) tables support this analysis. The survey findings highlight the most vulnerable regions and WWTPs in the country. The results suggest that after excluding Zone III, the WWTPs of Zone II of the national Seismic Hazard Map (SHM) are estimated to be the most vulnerable. This study spatially visualizes the indicator of seismic vulnerability (ISV) and the seismic vulnerability index concerning potential soil–water pollution (ISV-REF), according to the SHM and regions. Most WWTPs have low ISV-REF, while maps illustrate the exceedance of that parameter, identifying the safest units and indicating that Zone I has the safest units according to the exceedance percentages. Integrating data on regions, ISV, ISV-REF, and their exceedance in GIS could lead to authorities’ and technicians’ decisions to implement quick measures. Researchers should also focus their studies more precisely, mitigating the seismic vulnerability of critical infrastructure, such as WWTPs.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/239seismic vulnerabilityWWTPsGISsoil–water pollutionseismic hazard mapspatial distribution |
| spellingShingle | Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos Ploutarchos N. Kerpelis Dimitrios E. Alexakis Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants Applied Sciences seismic vulnerability WWTPs GIS soil–water pollution seismic hazard map spatial distribution |
| title | Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants |
| title_full | Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants |
| title_fullStr | Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants |
| title_short | Assessing Seismic Vulnerability and Pollution Risks of Wastewater Treatment Plants |
| title_sort | assessing seismic vulnerability and pollution risks of wastewater treatment plants |
| topic | seismic vulnerability WWTPs GIS soil–water pollution seismic hazard map spatial distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/239 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT spyridonkgolfinopoulos assessingseismicvulnerabilityandpollutionrisksofwastewatertreatmentplants AT ploutarchosnkerpelis assessingseismicvulnerabilityandpollutionrisksofwastewatertreatmentplants AT dimitriosealexakis assessingseismicvulnerabilityandpollutionrisksofwastewatertreatmentplants |