Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock
In Indonesia, the biodiesel industry generates approximately 48–60 tons of solid waste annually using heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst's reusability is essential to addressing the issue, notably the first reaction. This research develops Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst recycling usin...
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424003220 |
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| author | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander |
| author_facet | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander |
| author_sort | Anggara Dwita Burmana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Indonesia, the biodiesel industry generates approximately 48–60 tons of solid waste annually using heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst's reusability is essential to addressing the issue, notably the first reaction. This research develops Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst recycling using continuous methanol washing to be used multiple times in biodiesel production with lauric acid as feedstock. The research involves the esterification, washing, and drying sections connected using self-designed vessels. The Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst was continuously reacted and reused to monitor the biodiesel conversion level. Based on the results, the Scanning Electron Microscope provides the condition of the visible pores on the surface of the fresh and used catalyst. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red results detect both C–H bonds as part of styrene, and CC was obtained from ethane of the fresh and used catalyst that is the nature of Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller confirms the change in pore surface area for fresh and used catalysts. The results of the lauric acid and biodiesel components in the Gas Chromatography show major components of C12 and C14. The recycling results show that the esterification reaction can be used up to 24th times in experiments obtained at a temperature of 80 °C and a molar ratio of 8:1. However, by the 25th experiment, the conversion was already below 80 %. The determination of the success of biodiesel production in this study is the conversion obtained ≥ 80 %. This refers to the catalyst manufacturer used in the industrial world to reduce biodiesel production costs. Hence, continuous washing of Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst using methanol could be applied in the biodiesel industry. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af181f47677249c393f5cdde411cd735 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-0164 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-af181f47677249c393f5cdde411cd7352024-12-02T05:06:12ZengElsevierCase Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering2666-01642024-12-0110100928Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstockAnggara Dwita Burmana0Rondang Tambun1Bode Haryanto2Maya Sarah3Vikram Alexander4Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaCorresponding author.; Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaIn Indonesia, the biodiesel industry generates approximately 48–60 tons of solid waste annually using heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst's reusability is essential to addressing the issue, notably the first reaction. This research develops Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst recycling using continuous methanol washing to be used multiple times in biodiesel production with lauric acid as feedstock. The research involves the esterification, washing, and drying sections connected using self-designed vessels. The Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst was continuously reacted and reused to monitor the biodiesel conversion level. Based on the results, the Scanning Electron Microscope provides the condition of the visible pores on the surface of the fresh and used catalyst. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red results detect both C–H bonds as part of styrene, and CC was obtained from ethane of the fresh and used catalyst that is the nature of Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller confirms the change in pore surface area for fresh and used catalysts. The results of the lauric acid and biodiesel components in the Gas Chromatography show major components of C12 and C14. The recycling results show that the esterification reaction can be used up to 24th times in experiments obtained at a temperature of 80 °C and a molar ratio of 8:1. However, by the 25th experiment, the conversion was already below 80 %. The determination of the success of biodiesel production in this study is the conversion obtained ≥ 80 %. This refers to the catalyst manufacturer used in the industrial world to reduce biodiesel production costs. Hence, continuous washing of Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst using methanol could be applied in the biodiesel industry.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424003220AmberlystBiodieselCatalystEsterificationMethanol washing |
| spellingShingle | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Amberlyst Biodiesel Catalyst Esterification Methanol washing |
| title | Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| title_full | Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| title_fullStr | Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| title_short | Reusability of amberlyst CM-4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| title_sort | reusability of amberlyst cm 4 catalyst through continuous methanol washing with nitrogen gas in biodiesel production using lauric acid as feedstock |
| topic | Amberlyst Biodiesel Catalyst Esterification Methanol washing |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424003220 |
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