Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States
Background: In response to the recent and growing shift from injecting heroin to smoking fentanyl, an increasing number of syringe services programs (SSPs) in the United States are distributing safer smoking supplies. There is a lack of research on whether safer smoking supply distribution is associ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277272462400101X |
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| author | Esther O. Chung Sheila V. Patel Lynn D. Wenger Jamie L. Humphrey Amang Sukasih Ricky N. Bluthenthal Hansel E. Tookes Don C. Des Jarlais Sara N. Glick Paul A. LaKosky Stephanie Prohaska Laura Guzman Alex H. Kral Barrot H. Lambdin |
| author_facet | Esther O. Chung Sheila V. Patel Lynn D. Wenger Jamie L. Humphrey Amang Sukasih Ricky N. Bluthenthal Hansel E. Tookes Don C. Des Jarlais Sara N. Glick Paul A. LaKosky Stephanie Prohaska Laura Guzman Alex H. Kral Barrot H. Lambdin |
| author_sort | Esther O. Chung |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: In response to the recent and growing shift from injecting heroin to smoking fentanyl, an increasing number of syringe services programs (SSPs) in the United States are distributing safer smoking supplies. There is a lack of research on whether safer smoking supply distribution is associated with increased SSP engagement and naloxone distribution from SSPs. Therefore, we aimed to assess predictors of safer smoking supply distribution by SSPs and estimate associations between safer smoking supply distribution and scale of harm reduction services. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs, which surveyed SSPs from March and August 2023 about services delivered in 2022. We examined factors associated with safer smoking supply distribution and estimated associations between smoking supply distribution and the number of participant encounters and naloxone doses distributed. Results: Of the 429 SSPs included, 187 (44.1 %) distributed safer smoking supplies to participants. SSP organizational type, service delivery method, urbanicity, and regional Census divisions were associated with safer smoking supply distribution. Compared to SSPs that did not distribute safer smoking supplies, those that did reported more participant encounters (aRR=1.62, 95 % CI: 1.19–2.20) and naloxone doses distributed (aRR=1.26, 95 % CI: 0.91–1.74). Conclusions: SSPs distributing safer smoking supplies had greater participant engagement and naloxone distribution. To maximize their full individual and population-level health benefits, SSPs should be supported technically, legally, and financially to implement safer smoking supply distribution for their participants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9e094f2a14e4bc5a3e839ef90ce5a02 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2772-7246 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9e094f2a14e4bc5a3e839ef90ce5a022025-01-12T05:26:19ZengElsevierDrug and Alcohol Dependence Reports2772-72462025-03-0114100317Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United StatesEsther O. Chung0Sheila V. Patel1Lynn D. Wenger2Jamie L. Humphrey3Amang Sukasih4Ricky N. Bluthenthal5Hansel E. Tookes6Don C. Des Jarlais7Sara N. Glick8Paul A. LaKosky9Stephanie Prohaska10Laura Guzman11Alex H. Kral12Barrot H. Lambdin13Community Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Corresponding author.Community Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USACommunity Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USAAdvanced Methods Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USACenter for Statistics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USADepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USAMiller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USASchool of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USADivision of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USADave Purchase Project, North American Syringe Exchange Network, Tacoma, WA, USADave Purchase Project, North American Syringe Exchange Network, Tacoma, WA, USANational Harm Reduction Coalition, San Francisco, CA, USACommunity Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USACommunity Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USABackground: In response to the recent and growing shift from injecting heroin to smoking fentanyl, an increasing number of syringe services programs (SSPs) in the United States are distributing safer smoking supplies. There is a lack of research on whether safer smoking supply distribution is associated with increased SSP engagement and naloxone distribution from SSPs. Therefore, we aimed to assess predictors of safer smoking supply distribution by SSPs and estimate associations between safer smoking supply distribution and scale of harm reduction services. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs, which surveyed SSPs from March and August 2023 about services delivered in 2022. We examined factors associated with safer smoking supply distribution and estimated associations between smoking supply distribution and the number of participant encounters and naloxone doses distributed. Results: Of the 429 SSPs included, 187 (44.1 %) distributed safer smoking supplies to participants. SSP organizational type, service delivery method, urbanicity, and regional Census divisions were associated with safer smoking supply distribution. Compared to SSPs that did not distribute safer smoking supplies, those that did reported more participant encounters (aRR=1.62, 95 % CI: 1.19–2.20) and naloxone doses distributed (aRR=1.26, 95 % CI: 0.91–1.74). Conclusions: SSPs distributing safer smoking supplies had greater participant engagement and naloxone distribution. To maximize their full individual and population-level health benefits, SSPs should be supported technically, legally, and financially to implement safer smoking supply distribution for their participants.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277272462400101XSafer smoking suppliesSyringe services programHarm reductionNaloxone |
| spellingShingle | Esther O. Chung Sheila V. Patel Lynn D. Wenger Jamie L. Humphrey Amang Sukasih Ricky N. Bluthenthal Hansel E. Tookes Don C. Des Jarlais Sara N. Glick Paul A. LaKosky Stephanie Prohaska Laura Guzman Alex H. Kral Barrot H. Lambdin Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports Safer smoking supplies Syringe services program Harm reduction Naloxone |
| title | Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States |
| title_full | Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States |
| title_fullStr | Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States |
| title_short | Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States |
| title_sort | association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs findings from the national survey of syringe services programs in the united states |
| topic | Safer smoking supplies Syringe services program Harm reduction Naloxone |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277272462400101X |
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