Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Essential oils (EOs) from <i>Citrus</i> species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin diso...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Naoufal El Hachlafi Amine Elbouzidi Amine Batbat Mohamed Taibi Mohamed Jeddi Mohamed Addi Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim |
| author_facet | Naoufal El Hachlafi Amine Elbouzidi Amine Batbat Mohamed Taibi Mohamed Jeddi Mohamed Addi Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim |
| author_sort | Naoufal El Hachlafi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Essential oils (EOs) from <i>Citrus</i> species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck, which is a widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to its richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85–90% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. <b>Methods and Results:</b> This study used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and α-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of the tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.55 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 15.97 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC<sub>50</sub> of 65.72 ± 1.92 and 86.07 ± 1.53 µg/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC<sub>50</sub> of 102 ± 2.16 and 78.34 ± 1.15 µg/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC<sub>50</sub> of 111.03 ± 0.1 and 124.22 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields and have protective benefits for skin health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a963cdc34b974f5e9f654e300cf62404 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-a963cdc34b974f5e9f654e300cf624042024-12-27T14:45:58ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472024-12-011712165210.3390/ph17121652Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound LimoneneNaoufal El Hachlafi0Amine Elbouzidi1Amine Batbat2Mohamed Taibi3Mohamed Jeddi4Mohamed Addi5Hanae Naceiri Mrabti6Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim7Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoHigh Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques Casablanca, Casablanca 20250, MoroccoLaboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, Morocco<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Essential oils (EOs) from <i>Citrus</i> species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck, which is a widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to its richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85–90% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. <b>Methods and Results:</b> This study used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and α-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of the tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.55 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 15.97 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC<sub>50</sub> of 65.72 ± 1.92 and 86.07 ± 1.53 µg/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC<sub>50</sub> of 102 ± 2.16 and 78.34 ± 1.15 µg/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC<sub>50</sub> of 111.03 ± 0.1 and 124.22 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields and have protective benefits for skin health.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1652<i>Citrus sinensis</i>limoneneantioxidant activityanti-inflammatorycytotoxicitydermatoprotection |
| spellingShingle | Naoufal El Hachlafi Amine Elbouzidi Amine Batbat Mohamed Taibi Mohamed Jeddi Mohamed Addi Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene Pharmaceuticals <i>Citrus sinensis</i> limonene antioxidant activity anti-inflammatory cytotoxicity dermatoprotection |
| title | Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene |
| title_full | Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene |
| title_short | Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene |
| title_sort | chemical composition and assessment of the anti inflammatory antioxidant cytotoxic and skin enzyme inhibitory activities of i citrus sinensis i l osbeck essential oil and its major compound limonene |
| topic | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> limonene antioxidant activity anti-inflammatory cytotoxicity dermatoprotection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1652 |
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