The association between dietary intakes of nitrate with nitrite from animal and plant food sources and the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a prospective study
Abstract Aim We investigated the potential effect of dietary nitrate (NO3)/nitrite (NO2) on the incidence of pre-diabetes (Pre-DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods This longitudinal study was conducted on 2417 T2D- and Pre-DM free adults, aged 21–70 years (mean age of 39.6 ± 13.3 and 45.8% men) wh...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Nutrition & Metabolism |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-025-00988-z |
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| Summary: | Abstract Aim We investigated the potential effect of dietary nitrate (NO3)/nitrite (NO2) on the incidence of pre-diabetes (Pre-DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods This longitudinal study was conducted on 2417 T2D- and Pre-DM free adults, aged 21–70 years (mean age of 39.6 ± 13.3 and 45.8% men) who participated in the third (2006–2008) examinations of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and followed up to 2018–2022. The participants’ habitual dietary intakes of NO3 and NO2 were estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incidence of Pre-DM and T2D across quartile categories of NO3 and NO2 intakes. Results Mean (SD) daily intake of NO3 and NO2 were 489 (206) mg/d and 9.6 (3.8) mg/d; NO3 intakes mainly were derived from plant sources (95.7%). The highest compared to the lowest quartile of total and plant-based dietary NO3 intakes was accompanied by a significantly decreased risk of Pre-DM (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50–0.85, HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52–0.88). A reduced risk of T2D was observed in medium intakes of NO3 (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47–0.97, HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.49–1.00, in the total and plant-based sources, respectively). The lowest compared to the highest quartile of dietary NO2 was accompanied by a reduced incidence of T2D (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51–0.98, HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44–0.84 in the total and plant-based sources, respectively). Conclusion Higher and medium intakes of NO3 are associated with a reduced incidence of Pre-DM and T2D, respectively. |
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| ISSN: | 1743-7075 |