Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are among the most promising large-scale energy storage systems, owing to high efficiency, scalability, and long cycle life. However, their widespread adoption is often hindered by sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, particularly at the anode. This investigati...

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Main Author: Zhi-Chen Zhou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324878
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author Zhi-Chen Zhou
author_facet Zhi-Chen Zhou
author_sort Zhi-Chen Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are among the most promising large-scale energy storage systems, owing to high efficiency, scalability, and long cycle life. However, their widespread adoption is often hindered by sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, particularly at the anode. This investigation aimed to address these limitations by introducing bismuth-doped carbon (Bi/C) nanoparticles synthesized from asphalt and bismuth onto thermally treated carbon felt (TCF) to prepare Bi and C co-deposited thermally treated carbon felt (Bi/C-TCF), leveraging the synergistic effects between the two components. The synthesis process involved spray drying followed by high-temperature calcination, resulting in a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the V3+/V2+ redox couple. Electrochemical testing revealed that the Bi/C-TCF electrode significantly outperformed the conventional TCF electrode, exhibiting reduced polarization during charge-discharge cycles and enhanced catalytic activity as evidenced by its superior reaction rate constants K0 (2.37 × 10-2 and 2.75 × 10-2 cm/s) compared to TCF (2.08 × 10-2 and 2.10 × 10-2 cm/s). In single-cell tests, the Bi/C-TCF electrode, used as the negative electrode, demonstrated superior voltage efficiency (VE) and energy efficiency (EE) across various current densities. It achieved a power density of up to 1054.3 mW/cm2, significantly outperforming TCF's 825.9 mW/cm2. After 1000 cycles, the VE and EE remained stable at 86.2% and 85.0%, respectively, whereas the TCF cell saw a rapid decline in VE and EE to below 70% after just 515 cycles. These findings highlight the potential of Bi/C nanoparticles as a scalable and cost-effective solution for enhancing the performance and durability of VRFBs, leveraging low-cost raw materials such as asphalt.
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spelling doaj-art-a25c9c8d63a543d7bd5fc78134800b012025-08-20T03:44:38ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01205e032487810.1371/journal.pone.0324878Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.Zhi-Chen ZhouVanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are among the most promising large-scale energy storage systems, owing to high efficiency, scalability, and long cycle life. However, their widespread adoption is often hindered by sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, particularly at the anode. This investigation aimed to address these limitations by introducing bismuth-doped carbon (Bi/C) nanoparticles synthesized from asphalt and bismuth onto thermally treated carbon felt (TCF) to prepare Bi and C co-deposited thermally treated carbon felt (Bi/C-TCF), leveraging the synergistic effects between the two components. The synthesis process involved spray drying followed by high-temperature calcination, resulting in a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the V3+/V2+ redox couple. Electrochemical testing revealed that the Bi/C-TCF electrode significantly outperformed the conventional TCF electrode, exhibiting reduced polarization during charge-discharge cycles and enhanced catalytic activity as evidenced by its superior reaction rate constants K0 (2.37 × 10-2 and 2.75 × 10-2 cm/s) compared to TCF (2.08 × 10-2 and 2.10 × 10-2 cm/s). In single-cell tests, the Bi/C-TCF electrode, used as the negative electrode, demonstrated superior voltage efficiency (VE) and energy efficiency (EE) across various current densities. It achieved a power density of up to 1054.3 mW/cm2, significantly outperforming TCF's 825.9 mW/cm2. After 1000 cycles, the VE and EE remained stable at 86.2% and 85.0%, respectively, whereas the TCF cell saw a rapid decline in VE and EE to below 70% after just 515 cycles. These findings highlight the potential of Bi/C nanoparticles as a scalable and cost-effective solution for enhancing the performance and durability of VRFBs, leveraging low-cost raw materials such as asphalt.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324878
spellingShingle Zhi-Chen Zhou
Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
PLoS ONE
title Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
title_full Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
title_fullStr Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
title_full_unstemmed Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
title_short Carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries.
title_sort carbon felt modified with bismuth and asphalt derived carbon as a high performance electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324878
work_keys_str_mv AT zhichenzhou carbonfeltmodifiedwithbismuthandasphaltderivedcarbonasahighperformanceelectrodeforvanadiumredoxflowbatteries