Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose
With the continuous advancement of contemporary medical technology, an increasing number of individuals are inclined towards self-monitoring their physiological health information, specifically focusing on monitoring blood glucose levels. However, as an emerging flexible sensing technique, continuou...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| author | Jinhao Wang Lijuan Chen Fan Chen Xinyang Lu Xuanye Li Yu Bao Wei Wang Dongxue Han Li Niu |
| author_facet | Jinhao Wang Lijuan Chen Fan Chen Xinyang Lu Xuanye Li Yu Bao Wei Wang Dongxue Han Li Niu |
| author_sort | Jinhao Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the continuous advancement of contemporary medical technology, an increasing number of individuals are inclined towards self-monitoring their physiological health information, specifically focusing on monitoring blood glucose levels. However, as an emerging flexible sensing technique, continuous and non-invasive monitoring of glucose in sweat offers a promising alternative to conventional invasive blood tests for measuring blood glucose levels, reducing the risk of infection associated with blood testing. In this study, we fabricated a flexible and wearable electrochemical enzyme sensor based on a two-dimensional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets and coral-like polyaniline (PANI) binary nanocomposite (denoted as Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI) for continuous, non-invasive, real-time monitoring of sweat glucose. The exceptional conductivity of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets, in conjunction with the mutual doping effect facilitated by coral-like PANI, significantly enhances electrical conductivity and specific surface areas of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI. Consequently, the fabricated sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity (25.16 μA·mM<sup>−1</sup>·cm<sup>−2</sup>), a low detection limit of glucose (26 μM), and an extensive detection range (0.05 mM ~ 1.0 mM) in sweat. Due to the dense coral-like structure of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI binary nanocomposite, a larger effective area is obtained to offer more active sites for enzyme immobilization and enhancing enzymatic catalytic activity. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates exceptional mechanical performance, enabling a 60° bend in practical applications, thus satisfying the rigorous demands of human sweat detection applications. The results obtained from continuous 60 min in vitro monitoring of sweat glucose levels demonstrate a robust correlation with the data of blood glucose levels collected by a commercial glucose meter. Furthermore, the fabricated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI/GOx sensor demonstrated agreement with HPLC findings regarding the actual concentration of added glucose. This study presents an efficient and practical approach for the development of a highly reliable MXene glucose biosensor, enabling stable and long-term monitoring of glucose levels in human sweat. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a0a925133e084ad3a09e79f449372ed0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-a0a925133e084ad3a09e79f449372ed02024-11-26T17:57:10ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402024-10-01121122210.3390/chemosensors12110222Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat GlucoseJinhao Wang0Lijuan Chen1Fan Chen2Xinyang Lu3Xuanye Li4Yu Bao5Wei Wang6Dongxue Han7Li Niu8Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaWith the continuous advancement of contemporary medical technology, an increasing number of individuals are inclined towards self-monitoring their physiological health information, specifically focusing on monitoring blood glucose levels. However, as an emerging flexible sensing technique, continuous and non-invasive monitoring of glucose in sweat offers a promising alternative to conventional invasive blood tests for measuring blood glucose levels, reducing the risk of infection associated with blood testing. In this study, we fabricated a flexible and wearable electrochemical enzyme sensor based on a two-dimensional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets and coral-like polyaniline (PANI) binary nanocomposite (denoted as Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI) for continuous, non-invasive, real-time monitoring of sweat glucose. The exceptional conductivity of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets, in conjunction with the mutual doping effect facilitated by coral-like PANI, significantly enhances electrical conductivity and specific surface areas of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI. Consequently, the fabricated sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity (25.16 μA·mM<sup>−1</sup>·cm<sup>−2</sup>), a low detection limit of glucose (26 μM), and an extensive detection range (0.05 mM ~ 1.0 mM) in sweat. Due to the dense coral-like structure of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI binary nanocomposite, a larger effective area is obtained to offer more active sites for enzyme immobilization and enhancing enzymatic catalytic activity. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates exceptional mechanical performance, enabling a 60° bend in practical applications, thus satisfying the rigorous demands of human sweat detection applications. The results obtained from continuous 60 min in vitro monitoring of sweat glucose levels demonstrate a robust correlation with the data of blood glucose levels collected by a commercial glucose meter. Furthermore, the fabricated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI/GOx sensor demonstrated agreement with HPLC findings regarding the actual concentration of added glucose. This study presents an efficient and practical approach for the development of a highly reliable MXene glucose biosensor, enabling stable and long-term monitoring of glucose levels in human sweat.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/12/11/222sweatTi<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXeneglucose detectionwearable biosensorenzyme |
| spellingShingle | Jinhao Wang Lijuan Chen Fan Chen Xinyang Lu Xuanye Li Yu Bao Wei Wang Dongxue Han Li Niu Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose Chemosensors sweat Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene glucose detection wearable biosensor enzyme |
| title | Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose |
| title_full | Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose |
| title_fullStr | Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose |
| title_full_unstemmed | Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose |
| title_short | Coral-like Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/PANI Binary Nanocomposite Wearable Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Human Sweat Glucose |
| title_sort | coral like ti sub 3 sub c sub 2 sub t sub x sub pani binary nanocomposite wearable enzyme electrochemical biosensor for continuous monitoring of human sweat glucose |
| topic | sweat Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene glucose detection wearable biosensor enzyme |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/12/11/222 |
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