Design and optimization of a compact dual band metal insulator metal filter for high sensitivity refractive index sensing using particle swarm optimization
Abstract This paper presents a highly optimized metal-insulator-metal (MIM) filter designed for لrefractive index sensing applications, with dual cut-off bands at 1008 nm and 1348 nm. The filter’s dimensions are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, ensuring maximum sensit...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05569-x |
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| Summary: | Abstract This paper presents a highly optimized metal-insulator-metal (MIM) filter designed for لrefractive index sensing applications, with dual cut-off bands at 1008 nm and 1348 nm. The filter’s dimensions are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, ensuring maximum sensitivity and miniaturization. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is employed for simulations, while the Drude-Debye model accurately captures the dispersive dielectric properties of the metallic layers. Also, the optimized sensor exhibits high sensitivity, with values of 7504 nm/RIU for the first cut-off band and 8000 nm/RIU for the second, demonstrating enhanced responsiveness in the longer-wavelength range. The figure of merit (FOM) values of 250.13 (1/RIU) and 250 (1/RIU) for the two cut-off bands, respectively, along with detection limits of 0.0039 RIU and 0.004 RIU, further highlight the sensor’s precision and reliability in detecting small refractive index changes. Furthermore, this dual-band MIM filter is well-suited for real-time refractive index detection, providing a compact, efficient design with excellent filtering capabilities. The integration of the PSO algorithm ensures optimal performance across both wavelength bands, making the sensor a promising candidate for applications in biosensing, chemical detection, and environmental monitoring. The high sensitivity, combined with the dual-band functionality, enables versatile sensing applications with enhanced precision. |
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| ISSN: | 2045-2322 |