The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data
Archaeological complexes are characterized by different degrees of damage related to both natural events and anthropogenic triggers. The damage may be assessed through direct observation or remotely acquired data. Here, we present a morphometric analysis of a digital surface model (DSM) obtained fro...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Luigi Magnini Pierdomenico Del Gaudio Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa Denise Pozzi-Escot Janet Oshiro Rommel Angeles Guido Ventura |
| author_facet | Luigi Magnini Pierdomenico Del Gaudio Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa Denise Pozzi-Escot Janet Oshiro Rommel Angeles Guido Ventura |
| author_sort | Luigi Magnini |
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| description | Archaeological complexes are characterized by different degrees of damage related to both natural events and anthropogenic triggers. The damage may be assessed through direct observation or remotely acquired data. Here, we present a morphometric analysis of a digital surface model (DSM) obtained from an orthophotogrammetric survey at the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex, Peru (2nd to 16th centuries AD), which includes temples, enclosures, huacas, and roads. We determine different morphometric parameters to quantitatively describe the architectural layout of the site. These are aspect, slope, range, and topographic position index (TPI). We applied a modified TPI classification to measure the different degrees of preservation of the walls of the archaeological structures and recognize preserved, partly preserved, partly destroyed, and destroyed walls. The walls of the site show different degrees of preservation related to the damage associated with earthquakes and El Niño destructive events. The architectural layout of the archaeological site is defined by NW-SE and NE-SW striking walls. This is due to buildings constructed along the two main NW-SE and NE-SW striking roads of the Qhapac–Ñan road network. The prevailing El Niño wind direction may also explain the observed architectural layout. Morphometric parameters can be used to estimate the degree of conservation of archaeological sites. Our analytical approach can be applied to modern buildings damaged by natural events or human activities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9db7f49a57c7477eaf02b1b864ff2e69 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-9db7f49a57c7477eaf02b1b864ff2e692025-01-10T13:20:07ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011716710.3390/rs17010067The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric DataLuigi Magnini0Pierdomenico Del Gaudio1Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa2Denise Pozzi-Escot3Janet Oshiro4Rommel Angeles5Guido Ventura6Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, 30170 Venezia, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, ItalyMuseo Pachacamac, Ministerio de Cultura, Distrito de Lurín, Lima 15800, PeruMuseo Pachacamac, Ministerio de Cultura, Distrito de Lurín, Lima 15800, PeruMuseo Pachacamac, Ministerio de Cultura, Distrito de Lurín, Lima 15800, PeruIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, ItalyArchaeological complexes are characterized by different degrees of damage related to both natural events and anthropogenic triggers. The damage may be assessed through direct observation or remotely acquired data. Here, we present a morphometric analysis of a digital surface model (DSM) obtained from an orthophotogrammetric survey at the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex, Peru (2nd to 16th centuries AD), which includes temples, enclosures, huacas, and roads. We determine different morphometric parameters to quantitatively describe the architectural layout of the site. These are aspect, slope, range, and topographic position index (TPI). We applied a modified TPI classification to measure the different degrees of preservation of the walls of the archaeological structures and recognize preserved, partly preserved, partly destroyed, and destroyed walls. The walls of the site show different degrees of preservation related to the damage associated with earthquakes and El Niño destructive events. The architectural layout of the archaeological site is defined by NW-SE and NE-SW striking walls. This is due to buildings constructed along the two main NW-SE and NE-SW striking roads of the Qhapac–Ñan road network. The prevailing El Niño wind direction may also explain the observed architectural layout. Morphometric parameters can be used to estimate the degree of conservation of archaeological sites. Our analytical approach can be applied to modern buildings damaged by natural events or human activities.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/67archaeological heritagemorphometryarchitectural layoutorthophotogrammetrydegree of preservationwalls |
| spellingShingle | Luigi Magnini Pierdomenico Del Gaudio Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa Denise Pozzi-Escot Janet Oshiro Rommel Angeles Guido Ventura The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data Remote Sensing archaeological heritage morphometry architectural layout orthophotogrammetry degree of preservation walls |
| title | The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data |
| title_full | The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data |
| title_fullStr | The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data |
| title_short | The Architectural Layout and Degree of Preservation of the Sanctuary of Pachacamac Archaeological Complex (2nd to 16th Centuries AD, Peru) from the Morphometric Analysis of Orthophotogrammetric Data |
| title_sort | architectural layout and degree of preservation of the sanctuary of pachacamac archaeological complex 2nd to 16th centuries ad peru from the morphometric analysis of orthophotogrammetric data |
| topic | archaeological heritage morphometry architectural layout orthophotogrammetry degree of preservation walls |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/67 |
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