The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels
This study explored the impact of pyrolysis heating rates ranging from 1 to 20 K min−1 (final temperature 500 °C) on the porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde based carbonaceous xerogels soft-templated with Pluronic F-127. We primarily utilized thermoporometry (differential scanning calorimetry techni...
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Carbon Trends |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000828 |
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| author | Eva Kinnertová Tomáš Zelenka Gabriela Zelenková Lucie Kořená Václav Slovák Miroslav Almáši |
| author_facet | Eva Kinnertová Tomáš Zelenka Gabriela Zelenková Lucie Kořená Václav Slovák Miroslav Almáši |
| author_sort | Eva Kinnertová |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study explored the impact of pyrolysis heating rates ranging from 1 to 20 K min−1 (final temperature 500 °C) on the porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde based carbonaceous xerogels soft-templated with Pluronic F-127. We primarily utilized thermoporometry (differential scanning calorimetry technique) and, to a lesser extent, conventional nitrogen adsorption at −196 °C to analyze the porosity of the resulting carbons. Additionally, we examined the effects of particle size and the scale of the pyrolysis experiment, comparing a laboratory furnace with a thermal analyzer. At lower heating rates, particularly in a thermal analyzer, mesopores approximately 7–8 nm in size were observed. An increase in the heating rate resulted in larger mesopores, from 7 to 17 nm, widened pore size distribution (PSD), and a rise in mesopore volume from 0.21 to 0.53 cm3 g−1. Higher heating rates (> 5 K min-1) also accelerated the decomposition of the Pluronic F-127, leading to fast gas release, which subsequently caused cracking of the carbon skeleton and widening of the pores. Pyrolysis heating rate had no significant effect on the degree of graphitization in the pyrolyzed samples. Particle size showed minimal influence on porosity when xerogels were pyrolyzed at either the minimal or maximal heating rates in the thermal analyzer. However, experiments conducted in a laboratory furnace at the lowest heating rate demonstrated that imprecise temperature control and fluctuations can lead to the formation of larger mesopores. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9c7e4a04d7a448ea9d21a5582c3d64c8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2667-0569 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Carbon Trends |
| spelling | doaj-art-9c7e4a04d7a448ea9d21a5582c3d64c82024-12-15T06:17:33ZengElsevierCarbon Trends2667-05692024-12-0117100401The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogelsEva Kinnertová0Tomáš Zelenka1Gabriela Zelenková2Lucie Kořená3Václav Slovák4Miroslav Almáši5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Corresponding author.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech RepublicDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, Košice 041 01, Slovak RepublicThis study explored the impact of pyrolysis heating rates ranging from 1 to 20 K min−1 (final temperature 500 °C) on the porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde based carbonaceous xerogels soft-templated with Pluronic F-127. We primarily utilized thermoporometry (differential scanning calorimetry technique) and, to a lesser extent, conventional nitrogen adsorption at −196 °C to analyze the porosity of the resulting carbons. Additionally, we examined the effects of particle size and the scale of the pyrolysis experiment, comparing a laboratory furnace with a thermal analyzer. At lower heating rates, particularly in a thermal analyzer, mesopores approximately 7–8 nm in size were observed. An increase in the heating rate resulted in larger mesopores, from 7 to 17 nm, widened pore size distribution (PSD), and a rise in mesopore volume from 0.21 to 0.53 cm3 g−1. Higher heating rates (> 5 K min-1) also accelerated the decomposition of the Pluronic F-127, leading to fast gas release, which subsequently caused cracking of the carbon skeleton and widening of the pores. Pyrolysis heating rate had no significant effect on the degree of graphitization in the pyrolyzed samples. Particle size showed minimal influence on porosity when xerogels were pyrolyzed at either the minimal or maximal heating rates in the thermal analyzer. However, experiments conducted in a laboratory furnace at the lowest heating rate demonstrated that imprecise temperature control and fluctuations can lead to the formation of larger mesopores.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000828soft-templated xerogelsPluronic F-127PorosityPyrolysisHeating rateParticle size |
| spellingShingle | Eva Kinnertová Tomáš Zelenka Gabriela Zelenková Lucie Kořená Václav Slovák Miroslav Almáši The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels Carbon Trends soft-templated xerogels Pluronic F-127 Porosity Pyrolysis Heating rate Particle size |
| title | The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels |
| title_full | The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels |
| title_fullStr | The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels |
| title_short | The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels |
| title_sort | effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of pluronic f 127 templated carbon xerogels |
| topic | soft-templated xerogels Pluronic F-127 Porosity Pyrolysis Heating rate Particle size |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000828 |
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