The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions
ABSTRACT This study presents the energy balance dynamics of a mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) ecosystem of the Indian Himalaya using multiple year (March 2020 to December 2022) eddy covariance‐based measurements. Efforts are made to quantify the inter‐annual dynamics of surface energy balance at seas...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Meteorological Applications |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70063 |
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| author | Sandipan Mukherjee Priyanka Lohani Krishna K. Osuri Rajiv Pandey A. P. Dimri |
| author_facet | Sandipan Mukherjee Priyanka Lohani Krishna K. Osuri Rajiv Pandey A. P. Dimri |
| author_sort | Sandipan Mukherjee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT This study presents the energy balance dynamics of a mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) ecosystem of the Indian Himalaya using multiple year (March 2020 to December 2022) eddy covariance‐based measurements. Efforts are made to quantify the inter‐annual dynamics of surface energy balance at seasonal and annual time scales. The impact of drought conditions, induced by soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit, on energy partitioning of the ecosystem is quantified using Bowen ratio (β) and evaporative fraction (EF). The energy balance closure is assessed for three seasons (i.e., pre‐monsoon, monsoon, and post‐monsoon) of each observation year. We find that the closure fraction (CF) of the site is more than 80% on an annual scale. Higher CF is observed during pre‐monsoon (⁓80%) and monsoon (⁓90%) seasons due to the onset and duration of the growing season. The available energy partitioned into latent heat flux is larger than the sensible heat flux for the ecosystem, signifying that evapotranspiration is one of the dominant components of water and energy budgets. The evaporative cooling at the site takes place during the monsoon season through higher EF; however, the Pine ecosystems sustained the dry pre‐monsoon season with higher β values. We find that the soil moisture‐induced drought at the site resulted in higher partitioning of the available energy to sensible heat flux, effectively promoting the drought stress condition. However, it is to be noted that a better comprehension could be made for Pine forest behavior under environmental stress if such studies are further replicated. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9c15f6ac4b7141cab91ff888940a81e6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1350-4827 1469-8080 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Meteorological Applications |
| spelling | doaj-art-9c15f6ac4b7141cab91ff888940a81e62025-08-26T11:54:48ZengWileyMeteorological Applications1350-48271469-80802025-07-01324n/an/a10.1002/met.70063The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress ConditionsSandipan Mukherjee0Priyanka Lohani1Krishna K. Osuri2Rajiv Pandey3A. P. Dimri4G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment Leh Ladakh IndiaG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment Almora Uttarakhand IndiaDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha IndiaDivision of Forest Statistics Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Dehradun Uttarakhand IndiaIndian Institute of Geomagnetism Mumbai Maharastra IndiaABSTRACT This study presents the energy balance dynamics of a mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) ecosystem of the Indian Himalaya using multiple year (March 2020 to December 2022) eddy covariance‐based measurements. Efforts are made to quantify the inter‐annual dynamics of surface energy balance at seasonal and annual time scales. The impact of drought conditions, induced by soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit, on energy partitioning of the ecosystem is quantified using Bowen ratio (β) and evaporative fraction (EF). The energy balance closure is assessed for three seasons (i.e., pre‐monsoon, monsoon, and post‐monsoon) of each observation year. We find that the closure fraction (CF) of the site is more than 80% on an annual scale. Higher CF is observed during pre‐monsoon (⁓80%) and monsoon (⁓90%) seasons due to the onset and duration of the growing season. The available energy partitioned into latent heat flux is larger than the sensible heat flux for the ecosystem, signifying that evapotranspiration is one of the dominant components of water and energy budgets. The evaporative cooling at the site takes place during the monsoon season through higher EF; however, the Pine ecosystems sustained the dry pre‐monsoon season with higher β values. We find that the soil moisture‐induced drought at the site resulted in higher partitioning of the available energy to sensible heat flux, effectively promoting the drought stress condition. However, it is to be noted that a better comprehension could be made for Pine forest behavior under environmental stress if such studies are further replicated.https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70063Bowen ratioenergy balance closureevaporative fractionIndian HimalayaPinus roxburghii ecosystem |
| spellingShingle | Sandipan Mukherjee Priyanka Lohani Krishna K. Osuri Rajiv Pandey A. P. Dimri The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions Meteorological Applications Bowen ratio energy balance closure evaporative fraction Indian Himalaya Pinus roxburghii ecosystem |
| title | The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions |
| title_full | The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions |
| title_fullStr | The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions |
| title_short | The Surface Energy Balance of a Himalayan Mature Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Ecosystem During Drought Stress Conditions |
| title_sort | surface energy balance of a himalayan mature pine pinus roxburghii ecosystem during drought stress conditions |
| topic | Bowen ratio energy balance closure evaporative fraction Indian Himalaya Pinus roxburghii ecosystem |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70063 |
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