The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple

Endophytic fungi are commonly used to control plant diseases, overcoming the drawbacks of chemical agents. The internal browning (IB) of postharvest pineapple fruit, a physiological disease, leads to quality losses and limits industrial development. This work investigated the relationship among the...

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Main Authors: Fei Shen, Guang Wang, Shijiang Zhu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Journal of Fungi
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/11/794
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author Fei Shen
Guang Wang
Shijiang Zhu
author_facet Fei Shen
Guang Wang
Shijiang Zhu
author_sort Fei Shen
collection DOAJ
description Endophytic fungi are commonly used to control plant diseases, overcoming the drawbacks of chemical agents. The internal browning (IB) of postharvest pineapple fruit, a physiological disease, leads to quality losses and limits industrial development. This work investigated the relationship among the effects of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (An) on IB controlling, flavonoid metabolism and the endophytic fungal community of pineapple through metabolomics, transcriptomics, microbiomics and microorganism mutagenesis technology. We obtained an endophyte An that can control the IB of pineapple and screened its mutant strain AnM, through chemical mutagenesis, that cannot control IB. The transcriptome of fungi showed that An and AnM were different in oxidative metabolism. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of pineapple showed that An upregulated genes of flavonoid synthesis, including <i>dihydroflavonol 4-reductase</i> and <i>flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase</i> and increased the flavonoid content in pineapple fruit, i.e., Hispidulin, Hispidulin-7-O-Glucoside, and Diosmetin, while AnM could not. Microbiomics analysis identified an increase in the abundance of eight endophytic fungi in An-inoculated fruit, among which the abundance of six endophytic fungi (<i>Filobasidium magnum</i>, <i>Naganishia albida</i>, <i>A. niger</i>, <i>Aureobasidium melanogenum</i>, <i>Kwoniella heveanensis</i> and <i>Lysurus cruciatus</i>) was positively correlated with the content of three flavonoids mentioned above but not in AnM-inoculated fruit. Overall, this suggested, for the first time, that <i>A. niger</i> alleviated IB mainly by enhancing flavonoid synthesis and content and the abundance of endophytic fungi and by regulating the interaction between flavonoid content and endophytic fungi abundance in pineapple. This work adds to the understanding of the IB mechanism in postharvest pineapple and provides a new green approach for reducing postharvest losses and controlling physiological diseases.
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spelling doaj-art-991fe6cd45fc46b48e7f4dfca97a87d02024-11-26T18:08:54ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2024-11-01101179410.3390/jof10110794The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of PineappleFei Shen0Guang Wang1Shijiang Zhu2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEndophytic fungi are commonly used to control plant diseases, overcoming the drawbacks of chemical agents. The internal browning (IB) of postharvest pineapple fruit, a physiological disease, leads to quality losses and limits industrial development. This work investigated the relationship among the effects of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (An) on IB controlling, flavonoid metabolism and the endophytic fungal community of pineapple through metabolomics, transcriptomics, microbiomics and microorganism mutagenesis technology. We obtained an endophyte An that can control the IB of pineapple and screened its mutant strain AnM, through chemical mutagenesis, that cannot control IB. The transcriptome of fungi showed that An and AnM were different in oxidative metabolism. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of pineapple showed that An upregulated genes of flavonoid synthesis, including <i>dihydroflavonol 4-reductase</i> and <i>flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase</i> and increased the flavonoid content in pineapple fruit, i.e., Hispidulin, Hispidulin-7-O-Glucoside, and Diosmetin, while AnM could not. Microbiomics analysis identified an increase in the abundance of eight endophytic fungi in An-inoculated fruit, among which the abundance of six endophytic fungi (<i>Filobasidium magnum</i>, <i>Naganishia albida</i>, <i>A. niger</i>, <i>Aureobasidium melanogenum</i>, <i>Kwoniella heveanensis</i> and <i>Lysurus cruciatus</i>) was positively correlated with the content of three flavonoids mentioned above but not in AnM-inoculated fruit. Overall, this suggested, for the first time, that <i>A. niger</i> alleviated IB mainly by enhancing flavonoid synthesis and content and the abundance of endophytic fungi and by regulating the interaction between flavonoid content and endophytic fungi abundance in pineapple. This work adds to the understanding of the IB mechanism in postharvest pineapple and provides a new green approach for reducing postharvest losses and controlling physiological diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/11/794pineappleinternal browningendophytic fungus<i>Aspergillus niger</i>flavonoid
spellingShingle Fei Shen
Guang Wang
Shijiang Zhu
The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
Journal of Fungi
pineapple
internal browning
endophytic fungus
<i>Aspergillus niger</i>
flavonoid
title The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
title_full The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
title_fullStr The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
title_full_unstemmed The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
title_short The Role of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> in Regulating Internal Browning Involves Flavonoid Biosynthesis and the Endophytic Fungal Community of Pineapple
title_sort role of i aspergillus niger i in regulating internal browning involves flavonoid biosynthesis and the endophytic fungal community of pineapple
topic pineapple
internal browning
endophytic fungus
<i>Aspergillus niger</i>
flavonoid
url https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/11/794
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