Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis
In recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests—for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)—alongside inflammatory ma...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| author | Veronika Smolinska Daniela Klimova Lubos Danisovic Stefan Harsanyi |
| author_facet | Veronika Smolinska Daniela Klimova Lubos Danisovic Stefan Harsanyi |
| author_sort | Veronika Smolinska |
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| description | In recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests—for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)—alongside inflammatory markers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Expanding the repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is critical for improving clinical outcomes in RA. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of synovial fluid biomarkers, including aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases, glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline, hyaluronic acid, S100 proteins, calprotectin, and various cytokines, as well as immunological markers. Additionally, specific components of extracellular vesicles, such as non-coding RNAs, heat shock proteins, and lipids, are gaining attention. This review focuses on molecular markers found in synovial fluid and extracellular vesicles, excluding clinical and imaging biomarkers, and explores their potential applications in the diagnosis and management of RA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9765bb47b2994d99abf7d7773178f7b7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj-art-9765bb47b2994d99abf7d7773178f7b72024-12-27T14:38:36ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442024-11-016012194510.3390/medicina60121945Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid ArthritisVeronika Smolinska0Daniela Klimova1Lubos Danisovic2Stefan Harsanyi3Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, SlovakiaIn recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests—for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)—alongside inflammatory markers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Expanding the repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is critical for improving clinical outcomes in RA. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of synovial fluid biomarkers, including aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases, glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline, hyaluronic acid, S100 proteins, calprotectin, and various cytokines, as well as immunological markers. Additionally, specific components of extracellular vesicles, such as non-coding RNAs, heat shock proteins, and lipids, are gaining attention. This review focuses on molecular markers found in synovial fluid and extracellular vesicles, excluding clinical and imaging biomarkers, and explores their potential applications in the diagnosis and management of RA.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/12/1945rheumatoid arthritissynovial fluidextracellular vesiclesexosomesbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Veronika Smolinska Daniela Klimova Lubos Danisovic Stefan Harsanyi Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis Medicina rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid extracellular vesicles exosomes biomarkers |
| title | Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| title_full | Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| title_fullStr | Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| title_short | Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| title_sort | synovial fluid markers and extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis |
| topic | rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid extracellular vesicles exosomes biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/12/1945 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT veronikasmolinska synovialfluidmarkersandextracellularvesiclesinrheumatoidarthritis AT danielaklimova synovialfluidmarkersandextracellularvesiclesinrheumatoidarthritis AT lubosdanisovic synovialfluidmarkersandextracellularvesiclesinrheumatoidarthritis AT stefanharsanyi synovialfluidmarkersandextracellularvesiclesinrheumatoidarthritis |