Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended

Abstract Background Unintentional injuries, including traumatic brain injuries (TBI) during activities where helmet usage is recommended (AWHUR), are a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in the U.S. While advocacy and education are proven measures to address safety, community resourc...

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Main Authors: Brent M. Troy, Maneesha Agarwal, Allison F. Linden, Andrew Jergel, Anthony Giarusso, Kiesha Fraser Doh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:Injury Epidemiology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00598-6
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author Brent M. Troy
Maneesha Agarwal
Allison F. Linden
Andrew Jergel
Anthony Giarusso
Kiesha Fraser Doh
author_facet Brent M. Troy
Maneesha Agarwal
Allison F. Linden
Andrew Jergel
Anthony Giarusso
Kiesha Fraser Doh
author_sort Brent M. Troy
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Unintentional injuries, including traumatic brain injuries (TBI) during activities where helmet usage is recommended (AWHUR), are a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in the U.S. While advocacy and education are proven measures to address safety, community resources in a child’s neighborhood are known to have a large impact on their health. Methods We utilized the trauma registry at two pediatric trauma centers, in a major metropolitan area from 2018 to 2022, to perform a retrospective chart review and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping on all AWHUR injuries that were included in the trauma registry. Data extracted from the trauma registry included: mechanism, demographics, insurance status, and injury characteristics. AWHUR data was then overlaid with the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) to assess community resources in relation to injury characteristics. Results Our sample size included 1425 children throughout the 5-year time period. The most common injury mechanisms included: bicycle 34.0%, ATV 18.2%, skateboard 13.3%, scooter 9.2%, and dirt-bike 7.4%. Most patients in very low and low COI were publicly insured, respectively 81.9% and 63.2%; while 65.8% of high COI injured patients were privately insured children. There was a statistically significant difference in helmet usage across different levels of COI (p < 0.001). The rates of helmet usage by COI ranking from very low to very high were as follows: 21.6%, 25.2%, 37.8%, 40.2%, and 51.6% utilization. Among those injured while wearing a helmet, the odds of sustaining a higher ISS were 34% lower (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50—0.89) compared to those who were not wearing a helmet at the time of injury. Additionally, GIS mapping identified low and very low COI communities with higher injury rates and lower helmet use. Conclusion Children with lower COI were more likely to be publicly insured with a lower percentage of helmet usage. Overlapping injury data and COI identified high-risk communities where low resources can contribute to growing injury severity. This data can then be used to inform injury prevention and highlight the importance of community factors.
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spelling doaj-art-96588d6ad3ec4dc6a5be17f8fa94e14d2025-08-20T03:42:22ZengBMCInjury Epidemiology2197-17142025-07-0112S11110.1186/s40621-025-00598-6Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommendedBrent M. Troy0Maneesha Agarwal1Allison F. Linden2Andrew Jergel3Anthony Giarusso4Kiesha Fraser Doh5Dell Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at AustinDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency, Medicine/Children, Emory University School of Medicine, Healthcare of AtlantaDepartment of Surgery, Division of Pediatric, Surgery/Children’s, Emory University School of Medicine, Healthcare of AtlantaPediatric Biostatistics Core, Childrens Healthcare of Atlanta Emory UniversityGeorgia Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency, Medicine/Children, Emory University School of Medicine, Healthcare of AtlantaAbstract Background Unintentional injuries, including traumatic brain injuries (TBI) during activities where helmet usage is recommended (AWHUR), are a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in the U.S. While advocacy and education are proven measures to address safety, community resources in a child’s neighborhood are known to have a large impact on their health. Methods We utilized the trauma registry at two pediatric trauma centers, in a major metropolitan area from 2018 to 2022, to perform a retrospective chart review and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping on all AWHUR injuries that were included in the trauma registry. Data extracted from the trauma registry included: mechanism, demographics, insurance status, and injury characteristics. AWHUR data was then overlaid with the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) to assess community resources in relation to injury characteristics. Results Our sample size included 1425 children throughout the 5-year time period. The most common injury mechanisms included: bicycle 34.0%, ATV 18.2%, skateboard 13.3%, scooter 9.2%, and dirt-bike 7.4%. Most patients in very low and low COI were publicly insured, respectively 81.9% and 63.2%; while 65.8% of high COI injured patients were privately insured children. There was a statistically significant difference in helmet usage across different levels of COI (p < 0.001). The rates of helmet usage by COI ranking from very low to very high were as follows: 21.6%, 25.2%, 37.8%, 40.2%, and 51.6% utilization. Among those injured while wearing a helmet, the odds of sustaining a higher ISS were 34% lower (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50—0.89) compared to those who were not wearing a helmet at the time of injury. Additionally, GIS mapping identified low and very low COI communities with higher injury rates and lower helmet use. Conclusion Children with lower COI were more likely to be publicly insured with a lower percentage of helmet usage. Overlapping injury data and COI identified high-risk communities where low resources can contribute to growing injury severity. This data can then be used to inform injury prevention and highlight the importance of community factors.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00598-6HelmetBicycleATVTraumatic Brain InjuryGIS MappingPediatrics
spellingShingle Brent M. Troy
Maneesha Agarwal
Allison F. Linden
Andrew Jergel
Anthony Giarusso
Kiesha Fraser Doh
Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
Injury Epidemiology
Helmet
Bicycle
ATV
Traumatic Brain Injury
GIS Mapping
Pediatrics
title Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
title_full Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
title_fullStr Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
title_full_unstemmed Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
title_short Child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
title_sort child and neighborhood factors associated with pediatric injuries sustained while engaged in activities where helmet usage is recommended
topic Helmet
Bicycle
ATV
Traumatic Brain Injury
GIS Mapping
Pediatrics
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00598-6
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