Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players
<b>Objective:</b> With the remarkable advances in diagnostic ultrasound equipment, there is a growing need for ultrasound diagnosis of muscle and soft tissue injuries in sports injuries. Among these, hamstring strains are often difficult to treat and require early and accurate diagnosis....
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| author | Makoto Wada Tsukasa Kumai Takumi Okunuki Takeshi Sugimoto Kotaro Ishizuka Yasuhito Tanaka |
| author_facet | Makoto Wada Tsukasa Kumai Takumi Okunuki Takeshi Sugimoto Kotaro Ishizuka Yasuhito Tanaka |
| author_sort | Makoto Wada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Objective:</b> With the remarkable advances in diagnostic ultrasound equipment, there is a growing need for ultrasound diagnosis of muscle and soft tissue injuries in sports injuries. Among these, hamstring strains are often difficult to treat and require early and accurate diagnosis. Injuries to the proximal part of the hamstring often take a long time to heal. For this reason, the diagnosis of proximal hamstring injuries is extremely important. The structure of the origin tendon is characteristic, and it is a complex in which the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of the medial hamstring and the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (BFLH) of the lateral hamstring share a conjoint tendon (CT). On the other hand, the semimembranosus muscle (SM) attaches to the ischial tuberosity independently. In this study, we created a classification of injury sites focusing on the origin tendon, and investigated the distribution of injury location, relationship to the player’s position, and the detection rate of ultrasound diagnosis. <b>Material and Methods:</b> We used ultrasound and MRI to diagnose 52 university men’s rugby players who had suffered a hamstring strain for the first time and investigated the distribution of the injured areas. We performed an ultrasound scan as the initial diagnosis and used MRI as a final diagnostic tool. A classification focusing on the origin of the muscle was created. First of all, it was divided into two types: the BFLH-ST complex type, which originates in the CT, and the SM type, which originates in the SM tendon. We also classified BFLH-ST complex damage, including CT damage, as Type I, a BFLH injury without CT injury as Type II, and a ST injury without CT injury as Type III. We then investigated the distribution of the injury location. The degree of ultrasound detection in each injury type was evaluated in three grades. The frequency of BFLH complex and SM injuries was investigated in players who played the forward (FW) and back (BK) positions. <b>Results:</b> The distribution was 40 limbs (77%) for BFLH-ST complex injury type and 12 limbs (23%) for SM injury type. In the BFLH complex type,19 limbs which met the Type I classification criteria for CT tear, 19 limbs met the Type II, and 2 limbs met the Type III. FWs had a higher incidence of SM injuries and BKs had a higher incidence of BFLH-ST complex injuries. With regard to the detection of muscle injuries via ultrasound, a high rate of detection was possible, except for a slight injury to the myofascial junction of the BFLH. <b>Discussion:</b> In terms of the distribution, the BFLH-ST complex, which shares the same origin tendon (i.e. CT), had a higher frequency of muscle tears than the SM. In addition, CT junction injuries occurred frequently in Type II as well as Type I (=CT injury). One possible cause is that the CT is subject to concentrated traction stress from both the medial and lateral hamstrings. With ultrasound, the detection rate of muscle damage around the BFLH-ST complex and SM originating tendon was high, suggesting that it is useful as an initial diagnosis. From this, it can be said that ultrasound is also useful for primary evaluation of “proximal hamstring injury”, which is prone to severe and should be given a final diagnosis using MRI. <b>Conclusions:</b> We created a classification system focusing on the originating tendons and clarified their incidence rates. In this study, ultrasound was found to be useful in the detection of originating tendon injuries. We also identified the characteristic sonographic findings of each type. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-95af8496aa2c417289de3cf909912543 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj-art-95af8496aa2c417289de3cf9099125432025-01-10T13:16:34ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182024-12-011515410.3390/diagnostics15010054Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby PlayersMakoto Wada0Tsukasa Kumai1Takumi Okunuki2Takeshi Sugimoto3Kotaro Ishizuka4Yasuhito Tanaka5Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wada Orthopedic Clinic, Osaka 5730163, JapanFaculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 3591192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 3591192, JapanDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Global Orthopedic Hospital, Osaka 5360008, JapanDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Urasoe General Hospital, Okinawa 9012102, JapanDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara medical university, Nara 6348521, Japan<b>Objective:</b> With the remarkable advances in diagnostic ultrasound equipment, there is a growing need for ultrasound diagnosis of muscle and soft tissue injuries in sports injuries. Among these, hamstring strains are often difficult to treat and require early and accurate diagnosis. Injuries to the proximal part of the hamstring often take a long time to heal. For this reason, the diagnosis of proximal hamstring injuries is extremely important. The structure of the origin tendon is characteristic, and it is a complex in which the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of the medial hamstring and the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (BFLH) of the lateral hamstring share a conjoint tendon (CT). On the other hand, the semimembranosus muscle (SM) attaches to the ischial tuberosity independently. In this study, we created a classification of injury sites focusing on the origin tendon, and investigated the distribution of injury location, relationship to the player’s position, and the detection rate of ultrasound diagnosis. <b>Material and Methods:</b> We used ultrasound and MRI to diagnose 52 university men’s rugby players who had suffered a hamstring strain for the first time and investigated the distribution of the injured areas. We performed an ultrasound scan as the initial diagnosis and used MRI as a final diagnostic tool. A classification focusing on the origin of the muscle was created. First of all, it was divided into two types: the BFLH-ST complex type, which originates in the CT, and the SM type, which originates in the SM tendon. We also classified BFLH-ST complex damage, including CT damage, as Type I, a BFLH injury without CT injury as Type II, and a ST injury without CT injury as Type III. We then investigated the distribution of the injury location. The degree of ultrasound detection in each injury type was evaluated in three grades. The frequency of BFLH complex and SM injuries was investigated in players who played the forward (FW) and back (BK) positions. <b>Results:</b> The distribution was 40 limbs (77%) for BFLH-ST complex injury type and 12 limbs (23%) for SM injury type. In the BFLH complex type,19 limbs which met the Type I classification criteria for CT tear, 19 limbs met the Type II, and 2 limbs met the Type III. FWs had a higher incidence of SM injuries and BKs had a higher incidence of BFLH-ST complex injuries. With regard to the detection of muscle injuries via ultrasound, a high rate of detection was possible, except for a slight injury to the myofascial junction of the BFLH. <b>Discussion:</b> In terms of the distribution, the BFLH-ST complex, which shares the same origin tendon (i.e. CT), had a higher frequency of muscle tears than the SM. In addition, CT junction injuries occurred frequently in Type II as well as Type I (=CT injury). One possible cause is that the CT is subject to concentrated traction stress from both the medial and lateral hamstrings. With ultrasound, the detection rate of muscle damage around the BFLH-ST complex and SM originating tendon was high, suggesting that it is useful as an initial diagnosis. From this, it can be said that ultrasound is also useful for primary evaluation of “proximal hamstring injury”, which is prone to severe and should be given a final diagnosis using MRI. <b>Conclusions:</b> We created a classification system focusing on the originating tendons and clarified their incidence rates. In this study, ultrasound was found to be useful in the detection of originating tendon injuries. We also identified the characteristic sonographic findings of each type.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/1/54hamstringultrasoundmuscle injurymuscle straininjury locationclassification |
| spellingShingle | Makoto Wada Tsukasa Kumai Takumi Okunuki Takeshi Sugimoto Kotaro Ishizuka Yasuhito Tanaka Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players Diagnostics hamstring ultrasound muscle injury muscle strain injury location classification |
| title | Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players |
| title_full | Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players |
| title_fullStr | Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players |
| title_short | Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hamstring Muscle Complex Injuries Focus on Originate Tendon Structure—Male University Rugby Players |
| title_sort | ultrasound diagnosis of hamstring muscle complex injuries focus on originate tendon structure male university rugby players |
| topic | hamstring ultrasound muscle injury muscle strain injury location classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/1/54 |
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