Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023
Spatial and temporal information about cropping patterns of single and multiple crops is important for monitoring crop production and land-use intensity. We used time-series MODIS NDVI 8-day composite data to develop annual cropping pattern products at a 250 m spatial resolution for China, covering...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Jie Ren Yang Shao Yufei Wang |
| author_facet | Jie Ren Yang Shao Yufei Wang |
| author_sort | Jie Ren |
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| description | Spatial and temporal information about cropping patterns of single and multiple crops is important for monitoring crop production and land-use intensity. We used time-series MODIS NDVI 8-day composite data to develop annual cropping pattern products at a 250 m spatial resolution for China, covering the period from 2001 to 2023. To address the potential impacts of varying parameters in both data pre-processing and the peak detection algorithm on the accuracy of cropping pattern mapping, we employed a grid-search method to fine-tune these parameters. This process focused on optimizing the Savitzky–Golay smoothing window size and the peak width parameters using a calibration dataset. The results highlighted that an optimal combination of a five to seven MODIS composite window size in Savitzky–Golay smoothing and a peak width of four MODIS composites achieved good overall mapping accuracy. Pixel-wise accuracy assessments were conducted for the selected mapping years of 2001, 2011, and 2021. Overall accuracies were between 89.7% and 92.0%, with F1 scores ranging from 0.921 to 0.943. Nationally, this study observed a fluctuating trend in multiple cropping percentages, with a notable increase after 2013, suggesting shifts toward more intensive agricultural practices in recent years. At a finer spatial scale, the combination of Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope analyses revealed that approximately 12.9% of 3 km analytical windows exhibited significant changes in cropping intensity. We observed spatial clusters of increasing and decreasing crop intensity trends across provinces such as Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Gansu. This study underscores the importance of data smoothing and peak detection methods in analyzing high temporal resolution remote sensing data. The generation of annual single/multiple cropping pattern maps at a 250 m spatial resolution enhances our comprehension of agricultural dynamics through time and across different regions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-94ca339b43e94f76a2829a33d4e965aa |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-94ca339b43e94f76a2829a33d4e965aa2024-12-27T14:51:17ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011624480110.3390/rs16244801Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023Jie Ren0Yang Shao1Yufei Wang2School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, ChinaDepartment of Geography, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USASchool of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSpatial and temporal information about cropping patterns of single and multiple crops is important for monitoring crop production and land-use intensity. We used time-series MODIS NDVI 8-day composite data to develop annual cropping pattern products at a 250 m spatial resolution for China, covering the period from 2001 to 2023. To address the potential impacts of varying parameters in both data pre-processing and the peak detection algorithm on the accuracy of cropping pattern mapping, we employed a grid-search method to fine-tune these parameters. This process focused on optimizing the Savitzky–Golay smoothing window size and the peak width parameters using a calibration dataset. The results highlighted that an optimal combination of a five to seven MODIS composite window size in Savitzky–Golay smoothing and a peak width of four MODIS composites achieved good overall mapping accuracy. Pixel-wise accuracy assessments were conducted for the selected mapping years of 2001, 2011, and 2021. Overall accuracies were between 89.7% and 92.0%, with F1 scores ranging from 0.921 to 0.943. Nationally, this study observed a fluctuating trend in multiple cropping percentages, with a notable increase after 2013, suggesting shifts toward more intensive agricultural practices in recent years. At a finer spatial scale, the combination of Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope analyses revealed that approximately 12.9% of 3 km analytical windows exhibited significant changes in cropping intensity. We observed spatial clusters of increasing and decreasing crop intensity trends across provinces such as Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Gansu. This study underscores the importance of data smoothing and peak detection methods in analyzing high temporal resolution remote sensing data. The generation of annual single/multiple cropping pattern maps at a 250 m spatial resolution enhances our comprehension of agricultural dynamics through time and across different regions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4801cropping intensitytime-series analysispeak detectionMODIS |
| spellingShingle | Jie Ren Yang Shao Yufei Wang Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 Remote Sensing cropping intensity time-series analysis peak detection MODIS |
| title | Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 |
| title_full | Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 |
| title_fullStr | Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 |
| title_short | Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023 |
| title_sort | annual cropping intensity dynamics in china from 2001 to 2023 |
| topic | cropping intensity time-series analysis peak detection MODIS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4801 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jieren annualcroppingintensitydynamicsinchinafrom2001to2023 AT yangshao annualcroppingintensitydynamicsinchinafrom2001to2023 AT yufeiwang annualcroppingintensitydynamicsinchinafrom2001to2023 |