Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions
IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of complex, patient-specific titanium implants. However, the as-built surfaces of AM parts often require postprocessing to enhance surface properties for optimal osseointegration.MethodsThis study investigates the effects of varying sand...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1640122/full |
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| author | Osman Akbas Amit Gaikwad Amit Gaikwad Leif Reck Nina Ehlert Nina Ehlert Anne Jahn Jörg Hermsdorf Andreas Winkel Andreas Winkel Meike Stiesch Meike Stiesch Andreas Greuling |
| author_facet | Osman Akbas Amit Gaikwad Amit Gaikwad Leif Reck Nina Ehlert Nina Ehlert Anne Jahn Jörg Hermsdorf Andreas Winkel Andreas Winkel Meike Stiesch Meike Stiesch Andreas Greuling |
| author_sort | Osman Akbas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of complex, patient-specific titanium implants. However, the as-built surfaces of AM parts often require postprocessing to enhance surface properties for optimal osseointegration.MethodsThis study investigates the effects of varying sandblasting pressures (2 bar vs. 6 bar) and subsequent acid etching (SAE) on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium (Ti-6Al-4V and commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti), respectively). While changes in surface roughness and morphology were assessed at different process stages using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy, the analyses of surface wettability (contact angle measurement) were focused on effects after SAE and during different storage conditions (ambient air vs. NaCl). The resulting differences in material properties were then evaluated for their biological impact on osteoblast compatibility. For this purpose, the parameters cell adhesion, morphology, and membrane integrity were investigated using confocal laser microscopy and LDH assay.ResultsInitial high roughness of AM titanium surfaces was decreased by sandblasting, while initial smooth machined surfaces (MM) increased in roughness. Acid etching introduced characteristic irregular patterns on the surface with only marginal consequences for the resulting overall roughness. While all surfaces demonstrated high hydrophilicity directly after etching, storage under ambient air increased hydrophobicity over time, while NaCl storage preserved hydrophilicity and improved biocompatibility marginally. Osteoblast adhesion and morphology were optimal only under no storage condition, with uncompromised membrane integrity.DiscussionNotably, the biological consequences observed for MM and AM titanium were rather similar, considering the differences in used materials, production techniques, and subsequent surface morphologies. Carefully applied SAE can also optimize the surface characteristics of additive manufactured titanium for an improved implant performance, with storage conditions critically influencing surface wettability and bioactivity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8fea4f06495f4981a76ac1ec2c20ffcb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-4185 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj-art-8fea4f06495f4981a76ac1ec2c20ffcb2025-08-20T03:39:09ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852025-08-011310.3389/fbioe.2025.16401221640122Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditionsOsman Akbas0Amit Gaikwad1Amit Gaikwad2Leif Reck3Nina Ehlert4Nina Ehlert5Anne Jahn6Jörg Hermsdorf7Andreas Winkel8Andreas Winkel9Meike Stiesch10Meike Stiesch11Andreas Greuling12Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyLower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyLower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, GermanyLaser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, GermanyLaser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyLower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyLower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyIntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of complex, patient-specific titanium implants. However, the as-built surfaces of AM parts often require postprocessing to enhance surface properties for optimal osseointegration.MethodsThis study investigates the effects of varying sandblasting pressures (2 bar vs. 6 bar) and subsequent acid etching (SAE) on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium (Ti-6Al-4V and commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti), respectively). While changes in surface roughness and morphology were assessed at different process stages using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy, the analyses of surface wettability (contact angle measurement) were focused on effects after SAE and during different storage conditions (ambient air vs. NaCl). The resulting differences in material properties were then evaluated for their biological impact on osteoblast compatibility. For this purpose, the parameters cell adhesion, morphology, and membrane integrity were investigated using confocal laser microscopy and LDH assay.ResultsInitial high roughness of AM titanium surfaces was decreased by sandblasting, while initial smooth machined surfaces (MM) increased in roughness. Acid etching introduced characteristic irregular patterns on the surface with only marginal consequences for the resulting overall roughness. While all surfaces demonstrated high hydrophilicity directly after etching, storage under ambient air increased hydrophobicity over time, while NaCl storage preserved hydrophilicity and improved biocompatibility marginally. Osteoblast adhesion and morphology were optimal only under no storage condition, with uncompromised membrane integrity.DiscussionNotably, the biological consequences observed for MM and AM titanium were rather similar, considering the differences in used materials, production techniques, and subsequent surface morphologies. Carefully applied SAE can also optimize the surface characteristics of additive manufactured titanium for an improved implant performance, with storage conditions critically influencing surface wettability and bioactivity.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1640122/fulladditive manufacturingdental implantssandblasting and acid etchingSLASAEsurface wettability |
| spellingShingle | Osman Akbas Amit Gaikwad Amit Gaikwad Leif Reck Nina Ehlert Nina Ehlert Anne Jahn Jörg Hermsdorf Andreas Winkel Andreas Winkel Meike Stiesch Meike Stiesch Andreas Greuling Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology additive manufacturing dental implants sandblasting and acid etching SLA SAE surface wettability |
| title | Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| title_full | Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| title_fullStr | Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| title_short | Effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| title_sort | effects of sandblasting and acid etching on the surface properties of additively manufactured and machined titanium and their consequences for osteoblast adhesion under different storage conditions |
| topic | additive manufacturing dental implants sandblasting and acid etching SLA SAE surface wettability |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1640122/full |
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