The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya.
<h4>Background</h4>Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies.<h4>Method</h4>To...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2023-10-01
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| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716&type=printable |
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| author | Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott |
| author_facet | Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott |
| author_sort | Esther M Muthumbi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies.<h4>Method</h4>To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.<h4>Result</h4>Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a2025-08-20T03:47:06ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352023-10-011710e001171610.1371/journal.pntd.0011716The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya.Esther M MuthumbiAlfred MwanzuCecilia MbaeGodfrey BigogoAngela KaraniSalim MwarumbaJennifer R VeraniSamuel KariukiJ Anthony G Scott<h4>Background</h4>Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies.<h4>Method</h4>To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.<h4>Result</h4>Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease.https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
| title_full | The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
| title_fullStr | The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
| title_short | The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
| title_sort | epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in kenya |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716&type=printable |
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