Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard
Semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are known for their tendency to evaporate from source regions and undergo atmospheric transport to distant areas. Cold condensation intensifies dry deposition, particle deposition, and scavenging by snow and rain, allowing SVOCs to move from the atmosphere...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/21/5111 |
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| author | Marina Cerasa Catia Balducci Benedetta Giannelli Moneta Ettore Guerriero Maria Luisa Feo Alessandro Bacaloni Silvia Mosca |
| author_facet | Marina Cerasa Catia Balducci Benedetta Giannelli Moneta Ettore Guerriero Maria Luisa Feo Alessandro Bacaloni Silvia Mosca |
| author_sort | Marina Cerasa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are known for their tendency to evaporate from source regions and undergo atmospheric transport to distant areas. Cold condensation intensifies dry deposition, particle deposition, and scavenging by snow and rain, allowing SVOCs to move from the atmosphere into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine and polar regions. However, no standardized methods exist for the sampling, laboratory processing, and instrumental analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in snow. The lack of reference methods makes these steps highly variable and prone to errors. This study critically reviews the existing literature to highlight the key challenges in the sampling phase, aiming to develop a reliable, consistent, and easily reproducible technique. The goal is to simplify this crucial step of the analysis, allowing data to be shared more effectively through standardized methods, minimizing errors. Additionally, an innovative method for laboratory processing is introduced, which uses activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as adsorbents, streamlining the analysis process. The extraction method is applied to analyze polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, HCB, and PeCB). The entire procedure, from sampling to instrumental analysis, is subsequently tested on snow samples collected on the Svalbard Islands. To validate the efficiency of the new extraction system, quality control measures based on the EPA methods 1668B and 1699 for aqueous methods are employed. This study presents a new, reliable method that covers both sampling and lab analysis, tailored for detecting POPs in snow. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8eb6336625c4406ab9d67be2a5c5fd83 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-8eb6336625c4406ab9d67be2a5c5fd832024-11-08T14:38:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-10-012921511110.3390/molecules29215111Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in SvalbardMarina Cerasa0Catia Balducci1Benedetta Giannelli Moneta2Ettore Guerriero3Maria Luisa Feo4Alessandro Bacaloni5Silvia Mosca6Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalyInstitute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalyInstitute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalyInstitute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalyInstitute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, ItalyInstitute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), c/o Area della Ricerca di Roma1, Strada Provinciale 35d n. 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, ItalySemi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are known for their tendency to evaporate from source regions and undergo atmospheric transport to distant areas. Cold condensation intensifies dry deposition, particle deposition, and scavenging by snow and rain, allowing SVOCs to move from the atmosphere into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine and polar regions. However, no standardized methods exist for the sampling, laboratory processing, and instrumental analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in snow. The lack of reference methods makes these steps highly variable and prone to errors. This study critically reviews the existing literature to highlight the key challenges in the sampling phase, aiming to develop a reliable, consistent, and easily reproducible technique. The goal is to simplify this crucial step of the analysis, allowing data to be shared more effectively through standardized methods, minimizing errors. Additionally, an innovative method for laboratory processing is introduced, which uses activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as adsorbents, streamlining the analysis process. The extraction method is applied to analyze polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, HCB, and PeCB). The entire procedure, from sampling to instrumental analysis, is subsequently tested on snow samples collected on the Svalbard Islands. To validate the efficiency of the new extraction system, quality control measures based on the EPA methods 1668B and 1699 for aqueous methods are employed. This study presents a new, reliable method that covers both sampling and lab analysis, tailored for detecting POPs in snow.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/21/5111snow analysisactivated carbon fibersSvalbard contaminationPOPssampling techniquesextraction method |
| spellingShingle | Marina Cerasa Catia Balducci Benedetta Giannelli Moneta Ettore Guerriero Maria Luisa Feo Alessandro Bacaloni Silvia Mosca Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard Molecules snow analysis activated carbon fibers Svalbard contamination POPs sampling techniques extraction method |
| title | Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard |
| title_full | Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard |
| title_fullStr | Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard |
| title_short | Mastering Snow Analysis: Enhancing Sampling Techniques and Introducing ACF Extraction Method with Applications in Svalbard |
| title_sort | mastering snow analysis enhancing sampling techniques and introducing acf extraction method with applications in svalbard |
| topic | snow analysis activated carbon fibers Svalbard contamination POPs sampling techniques extraction method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/21/5111 |
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