Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system

Abstract Nonlinear optics has become the workhorse for countless applications in classical and quantum optics, from optical bistability to single photon pair generation. However, the intrinsic weakness of optical nonlinearity and reciprocity of nonlinear interactions generally places stringent limit...

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Main Authors: Sahil Pontula, Sachin Vaidya, Charles Roques-Carmes, Shiekh Zia Uddin, Marin Soljačić, Yannick Salamin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62853-0
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author Sahil Pontula
Sachin Vaidya
Charles Roques-Carmes
Shiekh Zia Uddin
Marin Soljačić
Yannick Salamin
author_facet Sahil Pontula
Sachin Vaidya
Charles Roques-Carmes
Shiekh Zia Uddin
Marin Soljačić
Yannick Salamin
author_sort Sahil Pontula
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Nonlinear optics has become the workhorse for countless applications in classical and quantum optics, from optical bistability to single photon pair generation. However, the intrinsic weakness of optical nonlinearity and reciprocity of nonlinear interactions generally places stringent limits on the efficiency of nonlinear optical processes and their ability to be tailored for advanced applications in multimode systems. Here, motivated by recent advances in using non-Hermitian photonics and gain/loss engineering to enable non-reciprocal light transport, we explore how the interplay between non-Hermiticity and optical nonlinearity leads to a fundamentally new regime of nonlinear frequency conversion. We show how non-Hermitian coupling between discrete frequency modes can result in non-reciprocal flow of energy in a frequency dimension, closely resembling the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). Applying our theory to a multimode nonlinear cavity supporting cascaded nonlinear processes, we demonstrate chiral energy flow in a frequency dimension, leading to long-range frequency shifts of quasi-continuous wave sources, shaped frequency combs robust to defects and disorder, terahertz (THz) generation far exceeding the Manley-Rowe limit, and nonlinear multimodal limit cycles for multi-frequency pump-probe spectroscopy.
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spelling doaj-art-8e3377d6682b41c4aa9ea72f724976b52025-08-20T04:03:01ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-08-011611910.1038/s41467-025-62853-0Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear systemSahil Pontula0Sachin Vaidya1Charles Roques-Carmes2Shiekh Zia Uddin3Marin Soljačić4Yannick Salamin5Department of Physics, MITDepartment of Physics, MITResearch Laboratory of Electronics, MITDepartment of Physics, MITDepartment of Physics, MITDepartment of Physics, MITAbstract Nonlinear optics has become the workhorse for countless applications in classical and quantum optics, from optical bistability to single photon pair generation. However, the intrinsic weakness of optical nonlinearity and reciprocity of nonlinear interactions generally places stringent limits on the efficiency of nonlinear optical processes and their ability to be tailored for advanced applications in multimode systems. Here, motivated by recent advances in using non-Hermitian photonics and gain/loss engineering to enable non-reciprocal light transport, we explore how the interplay between non-Hermiticity and optical nonlinearity leads to a fundamentally new regime of nonlinear frequency conversion. We show how non-Hermitian coupling between discrete frequency modes can result in non-reciprocal flow of energy in a frequency dimension, closely resembling the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). Applying our theory to a multimode nonlinear cavity supporting cascaded nonlinear processes, we demonstrate chiral energy flow in a frequency dimension, leading to long-range frequency shifts of quasi-continuous wave sources, shaped frequency combs robust to defects and disorder, terahertz (THz) generation far exceeding the Manley-Rowe limit, and nonlinear multimodal limit cycles for multi-frequency pump-probe spectroscopy.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62853-0
spellingShingle Sahil Pontula
Sachin Vaidya
Charles Roques-Carmes
Shiekh Zia Uddin
Marin Soljačić
Yannick Salamin
Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
Nature Communications
title Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
title_full Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
title_fullStr Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
title_full_unstemmed Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
title_short Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
title_sort non reciprocal frequency conversion in a non hermitian multimode nonlinear system
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62853-0
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