Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness
Abstract Introduction The needs of family caregivers providing care to relatives with visual impairment are often dismissed, leading to caregiver burden. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) can measure the caregiver burden of caring for a family member with vision impairment. The purpose of this study...
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Adis, Springer Healthcare
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Ophthalmology and Therapy |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-024-01050-6 |
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| author | Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano Monica I. Herrera-Rodriguez Jazmin A. Mendoza-Pallares Natalia Reyes-Godinez Veronica E. Tamez-Tamez Eugenia M. Ramos-Dávila Luis G. Villagomez-Valdez Lucas A. Garza-Garza Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza Ali Khodor Jose J. Gongora-Cortes Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia |
| author_facet | Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano Monica I. Herrera-Rodriguez Jazmin A. Mendoza-Pallares Natalia Reyes-Godinez Veronica E. Tamez-Tamez Eugenia M. Ramos-Dávila Luis G. Villagomez-Valdez Lucas A. Garza-Garza Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza Ali Khodor Jose J. Gongora-Cortes Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia |
| author_sort | Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Introduction The needs of family caregivers providing care to relatives with visual impairment are often dismissed, leading to caregiver burden. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) can measure the caregiver burden of caring for a family member with vision impairment. The purpose of this study is to validate the ZBI in Mexican family caregivers of patients with visual impairment. Methods The ZBI was applied to 137 family caregivers of patients with visual acuity ≤ 20/200 in the best eye for ≥ 6 months. The ZBI’s reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α and the factor structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA, principal axis factoring with promax rotation). Items with loadings < 0.400 were eliminated. Retained factors were determined using the scree test and Horn’s parallel analysis (95% CI). Associations between burden factors and other variables were evaluated with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Mean ZBI score was 26.2 ± 13.1, and internal consistency was high (α = 0.871). EFA yielded four factors: (1) embarrassment and frustration, (2) self-efficacy expectations, (3) interference in personal relationships, and (4) personal strain. The α values ranged from 0.649 to 0.812. Spousal caregivers had significantly higher scores (factors 1, 2, and 4), whereas adult children had less scores (factor 3). There was a significant positive correlation between hours of daily caregiving and factors 2 (r = 0.350) and 3 (r = 0.388). A worse degree of visual impairment was associated with higher mean factor scores in all factors. Conclusions The ZBI is a valid instrument to detect burden in Mexican caregivers of patients with visual impairment. We identified a four-factor structure that improved our understanding of the ZBI’s underlying constructs. Interventions targeting specific types of burden are warranted. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8ded006b4d2c41088ed4c01de8c237a9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2193-8245 2193-6528 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Adis, Springer Healthcare |
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| series | Ophthalmology and Therapy |
| spelling | doaj-art-8ded006b4d2c41088ed4c01de8c237a92025-01-12T12:10:43ZengAdis, Springer HealthcareOphthalmology and Therapy2193-82452193-65282024-11-01141557110.1007/s40123-024-01050-6Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and BlindnessRaul E. Ruiz-Lozano0Monica I. Herrera-Rodriguez1Jazmin A. Mendoza-Pallares2Natalia Reyes-Godinez3Veronica E. Tamez-Tamez4Eugenia M. Ramos-Dávila5Luis G. Villagomez-Valdez6Lucas A. Garza-Garza7Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza8Ali Khodor9Jose J. Gongora-Cortes10Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia11Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Ophthalmology Department, Northeast National Medical Center, High Specialty Medical Unit IMSS 25Ophthalmology Department, Northeast National Medical Center, High Specialty Medical Unit IMSS 25Ophthalmology Department, Northeast National Medical Center, High Specialty Medical Unit IMSS 25Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of MiamiTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health SciencesTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.Abstract Introduction The needs of family caregivers providing care to relatives with visual impairment are often dismissed, leading to caregiver burden. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) can measure the caregiver burden of caring for a family member with vision impairment. The purpose of this study is to validate the ZBI in Mexican family caregivers of patients with visual impairment. Methods The ZBI was applied to 137 family caregivers of patients with visual acuity ≤ 20/200 in the best eye for ≥ 6 months. The ZBI’s reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α and the factor structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA, principal axis factoring with promax rotation). Items with loadings < 0.400 were eliminated. Retained factors were determined using the scree test and Horn’s parallel analysis (95% CI). Associations between burden factors and other variables were evaluated with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Mean ZBI score was 26.2 ± 13.1, and internal consistency was high (α = 0.871). EFA yielded four factors: (1) embarrassment and frustration, (2) self-efficacy expectations, (3) interference in personal relationships, and (4) personal strain. The α values ranged from 0.649 to 0.812. Spousal caregivers had significantly higher scores (factors 1, 2, and 4), whereas adult children had less scores (factor 3). There was a significant positive correlation between hours of daily caregiving and factors 2 (r = 0.350) and 3 (r = 0.388). A worse degree of visual impairment was associated with higher mean factor scores in all factors. Conclusions The ZBI is a valid instrument to detect burden in Mexican caregivers of patients with visual impairment. We identified a four-factor structure that improved our understanding of the ZBI’s underlying constructs. Interventions targeting specific types of burden are warranted.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-024-01050-6Caregiver burdenExploratory factor analysisMexicoVisual impairmentZarit Burden Interview |
| spellingShingle | Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano Monica I. Herrera-Rodriguez Jazmin A. Mendoza-Pallares Natalia Reyes-Godinez Veronica E. Tamez-Tamez Eugenia M. Ramos-Dávila Luis G. Villagomez-Valdez Lucas A. Garza-Garza Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza Ali Khodor Jose J. Gongora-Cortes Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness Ophthalmology and Therapy Caregiver burden Exploratory factor analysis Mexico Visual impairment Zarit Burden Interview |
| title | Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness |
| title_full | Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness |
| title_fullStr | Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness |
| title_short | Validation of the Zarit Burden Interview in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness |
| title_sort | validation of the zarit burden interview in informal caregivers of patients with severe visual impairment and blindness |
| topic | Caregiver burden Exploratory factor analysis Mexico Visual impairment Zarit Burden Interview |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-024-01050-6 |
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