Co-Inoculation of Soybean Seeds with <i>Azospirillum</i> and/or <i>Rhizophagus</i> Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of Waterlogging in Plants under Enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> Concentrations
Rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels, as predicted by global climate models, are altering environmental factors such as the water cycle, leading to soil waterlogging and reduced oxygen availability for plant roots. These conditions result in decreased energy production, increased fermentative me...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Nitrogen |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3129/5/4/61 |
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| Summary: | Rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels, as predicted by global climate models, are altering environmental factors such as the water cycle, leading to soil waterlogging and reduced oxygen availability for plant roots. These conditions result in decreased energy production, increased fermentative metabolism, impaired nutrient uptake, reduced nitrogen fixation, and altered leaf gas exchanges, ultimately reducing crop productivity. Co-inoculation techniques involving multiple plant growth-promoting bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have shown promise in enhancing plant resilience to stress by improving nutrient uptake, biomass production, and nitrogen fixation. This study aimed to investigate carbon and nitrogen metabolism adaptations in soybean plants co-inoculated with <i>Bradyrhizobium elkanii</i>, <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>, and <i>Rhizophagus intraradices</i> under waterlogged conditions in CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched environments. Plants were grown in pots in open-top chambers at ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<i>a</i>[CO<sub>2</sub>]) and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<i>e</i>[CO<sub>2</sub>]). After reaching the V5 growth stage, the plants were subjected to waterlogging for seven days, followed by a four-day reoxygenation period. The results showed that plants’ co-inoculation under <i>e</i>[CO<sub>2</sub>] mitigated the adverse effects of waterlogging. Notably, plants inoculated solely with <i>B. elkanii</i> under <i>e</i>[CO<sub>2</sub>] displayed results similar to co-inoculated plants under <i>a</i>[CO<sub>2</sub>], suggesting that co-inoculation effectively mitigates the waterlogging stress, with plant physiological traits comparable to those observed under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> conditions. |
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| ISSN: | 2504-3129 |