Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows
Background and Aim: Negative energy balance (NEB) is a common metabolic disorder in postpartum dairy cows that compromises milk yield, metabolic health, and reproductive function. Sustainable nutritional interventions are essential to mitigate NEB without increasing production costs. This study eval...
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Veterinary World
2025-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.18/August-2025/23.pdf |
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| author | Renny Fatmyah Utamy Ambo Ako Zyahrul Ramadan Yasuyuki Ishii Mohammad Mijanur Rahman Kannika Umpuch Azisah Nurfadilah Gemal Umar Akmal Alkatiry Muhammad Akram Jiant Muthahra Maharani |
| author_facet | Renny Fatmyah Utamy Ambo Ako Zyahrul Ramadan Yasuyuki Ishii Mohammad Mijanur Rahman Kannika Umpuch Azisah Nurfadilah Gemal Umar Akmal Alkatiry Muhammad Akram Jiant Muthahra Maharani |
| author_sort | Renny Fatmyah Utamy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and Aim: Negative energy balance (NEB) is a common metabolic disorder in postpartum dairy cows that compromises milk yield, metabolic health, and reproductive function. Sustainable nutritional interventions are essential to mitigate NEB without increasing production costs. This study evaluated the effect of a legume-based green concentrate (GC) containing Gliricidia sepium and Indigofera zollingeriana on performance, hormonal profiles, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels in Holstein Friesian (HF) cows experiencing NEB.
Materials and Methods: Eighteen postpartum HF cows diagnosed with NEB (BHB > 1.5 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (n = 6): Commercial concentrate (CON), GC with 20% legume inclusion (GC20), and GC with 30% legume inclusion (GC30). All cows received concentrate at 3% body weight (dry matter basis) alongside elephant grass for 60 days postpartum. Parameters evaluated included milk yield, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), body condition score, daily profit, milk composition, and concentrations of BHB, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estrogen, and prolactin.
Results: GC30 significantly improved milk yield (15.88 kg/d), FCE (1.10), and daily profit (United States Dollars 10.99/d), while reducing feed costs and BHB levels in blood (0.91 mmol/L) and milk (0.43 mmol/L) compared to CON (p < 0.05). GC30 also elevated IGF-1 (50.27 ng/mL) and estrogen (104.36 ng/mL), indicating enhanced reproductive readiness. In vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation metrics were also superior in GC-supplemented diets, particularly GC30. No adverse effects were observed on prolactin levels or milk protein and lactose content.
Conclusion: Feeding GC, especially GC30, effectively mitigates NEB, enhances productivity, improves hormonal balance, and increases economic returns in postpartum HF cows. This sustainable and cost-effective feeding strategy is suitable for smallholder farmers and supports animal welfare and farm profitability. Future research should explore the effects of long-term GC supplementation and its environmental implications. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-8c3528c1cfb84dde8fbb9bcc277e00502025-08-24T14:21:13ZengVeterinary WorldVeterinary World0972-89882231-09162025-08-011882414242610.14202/vetworld.2025.2414-2426Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cowsRenny Fatmyah Utamy0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-6710Ambo Ako1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8291-9560Zyahrul Ramadan2https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7460-103XYasuyuki Ishii3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-5628Mohammad Mijanur Rahman4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-7129Kannika Umpuch5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-375XAzisah Nurfadilah6https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5107-7059Gemal Umar Akmal Alkatiry7https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2826-5683Muhammad Akram8https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7682-3276Jiant Muthahra Maharani9https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1890-9082Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal Science, Graduate Student of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.Livestock Production Programme, Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University Under The Royal Patronage, Pathumthani, Thailand.Department of Animal Science, Graduate Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal Science, Graduate Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal Science, Graduate Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Department of Animal Science, Graduate Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Background and Aim: Negative energy balance (NEB) is a common metabolic disorder in postpartum dairy cows that compromises milk yield, metabolic health, and reproductive function. Sustainable nutritional interventions are essential to mitigate NEB without increasing production costs. This study evaluated the effect of a legume-based green concentrate (GC) containing Gliricidia sepium and Indigofera zollingeriana on performance, hormonal profiles, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels in Holstein Friesian (HF) cows experiencing NEB. Materials and Methods: Eighteen postpartum HF cows diagnosed with NEB (BHB > 1.5 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (n = 6): Commercial concentrate (CON), GC with 20% legume inclusion (GC20), and GC with 30% legume inclusion (GC30). All cows received concentrate at 3% body weight (dry matter basis) alongside elephant grass for 60 days postpartum. Parameters evaluated included milk yield, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), body condition score, daily profit, milk composition, and concentrations of BHB, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estrogen, and prolactin. Results: GC30 significantly improved milk yield (15.88 kg/d), FCE (1.10), and daily profit (United States Dollars 10.99/d), while reducing feed costs and BHB levels in blood (0.91 mmol/L) and milk (0.43 mmol/L) compared to CON (p < 0.05). GC30 also elevated IGF-1 (50.27 ng/mL) and estrogen (104.36 ng/mL), indicating enhanced reproductive readiness. In vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation metrics were also superior in GC-supplemented diets, particularly GC30. No adverse effects were observed on prolactin levels or milk protein and lactose content. Conclusion: Feeding GC, especially GC30, effectively mitigates NEB, enhances productivity, improves hormonal balance, and increases economic returns in postpartum HF cows. This sustainable and cost-effective feeding strategy is suitable for smallholder farmers and supports animal welfare and farm profitability. Future research should explore the effects of long-term GC supplementation and its environmental implications.https://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.18/August-2025/23.pdfbeta-hydroxybutyrategreen concentrateholstein friesianinsulin-like growth factor-1milk productionnegative energy balancesustainable feeding |
| spellingShingle | Renny Fatmyah Utamy Ambo Ako Zyahrul Ramadan Yasuyuki Ishii Mohammad Mijanur Rahman Kannika Umpuch Azisah Nurfadilah Gemal Umar Akmal Alkatiry Muhammad Akram Jiant Muthahra Maharani Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows Veterinary World beta-hydroxybutyrate green concentrate holstein friesian insulin-like growth factor-1 milk production negative energy balance sustainable feeding |
| title | Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows |
| title_full | Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows |
| title_fullStr | Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows |
| title_full_unstemmed | Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows |
| title_short | Legume-based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance, metabolic health, and profitability in postpartum Holstein Friesian cows |
| title_sort | legume based green concentrate alleviates negative energy balance and enhances performance metabolic health and profitability in postpartum holstein friesian cows |
| topic | beta-hydroxybutyrate green concentrate holstein friesian insulin-like growth factor-1 milk production negative energy balance sustainable feeding |
| url | https://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.18/August-2025/23.pdf |
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