Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics
The tolerance and response to ammonia nitrogen have not been studied in Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), an important economic fish in southwest China. This study, for the first time, combines behavioral, histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses to explore its response to ammonia n...
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Aquaculture Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425002157 |
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| author | Yinhua Zhou He Gao Hejiao Li Tianyi Shen Yifan Yao Zhilei Wang Yuting Duan Junting Li Suxing Fu Shidong Liu Rongrong Liao Haiping Liu Luo Lei Chaowei Zhou |
| author_facet | Yinhua Zhou He Gao Hejiao Li Tianyi Shen Yifan Yao Zhilei Wang Yuting Duan Junting Li Suxing Fu Shidong Liu Rongrong Liao Haiping Liu Luo Lei Chaowei Zhou |
| author_sort | Yinhua Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The tolerance and response to ammonia nitrogen have not been studied in Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), an important economic fish in southwest China. This study, for the first time, combines behavioral, histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses to explore its response to ammonia nitrogen stress. Acute toxicity tests showed that the 96 h LC50 TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) in S. prenanti was approximately 16 mg/L (temperature = 21°C, pH = 7.5). Behavioral quantification using YOLO v8 (You Only Look Once version 8) indicated no significant impact under low-concentration stress (L, 30 % LC50); medium-concentration stress (M, 45 % LC50) significantly enhanced the swimming speed, exercise volumes, and localized activity, and high-concentration stress (H, 60 % LC50) caused abnormal behavior and restricted activity. Gill histology and TUNEL assay revealed epithelial swelling and curling of secondary filaments under low-concentration stress. Medium-concentration stress caused localized structural damage and cell apoptosis and high-concentration stress induced severe necrosis and apoptosis in the secondary filaments. Biochemical tests showed significant increases in plasma cortisol, glucose, plasma ammonia, and tumor necrosis factor-α under high-concentration stress. Gill superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity activities were significantly decreased and malondialdehyde levels were increased. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the M and H groups were enriched in pathways related to immune response, antioxidation, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Notably, DEGs related to the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched in the M group, likely to provide energy for immune response and ammonia detoxification. Suppression of antigen processing and presentation may explain why S. prenanti struggles to cope under high ammonia nitrogen stress. S. prenanti shows a certain tolerance to ammonia nitrogen, however, concentrations exceeding 9.6 mg/L result in behavioral abnormalities, gill tissue damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune suppression. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for research on the tolerance and response of S. prenanti to ammonia nitrogen and offer a new perspective for monitoring and managing ammonia nitrogen stress in intensive aquaculture systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8b5e80c48daf49e888b2a65bbf53f55f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2352-5134 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aquaculture Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-8b5e80c48daf49e888b2a65bbf53f55f2025-08-20T03:45:45ZengElsevierAquaculture Reports2352-51342025-07-014210282910.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102829Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomicsYinhua Zhou0He Gao1Hejiao Li2Tianyi Shen3Yifan Yao4Zhilei Wang5Yuting Duan6Junting Li7Suxing Fu8Shidong Liu9Rongrong Liao10Haiping Liu11Luo Lei12Chaowei Zhou13College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaIntegrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaIntegrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaCollege of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Corresponding authors at: College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Corresponding authors at: College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Corresponding authors at: College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.The tolerance and response to ammonia nitrogen have not been studied in Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), an important economic fish in southwest China. This study, for the first time, combines behavioral, histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses to explore its response to ammonia nitrogen stress. Acute toxicity tests showed that the 96 h LC50 TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) in S. prenanti was approximately 16 mg/L (temperature = 21°C, pH = 7.5). Behavioral quantification using YOLO v8 (You Only Look Once version 8) indicated no significant impact under low-concentration stress (L, 30 % LC50); medium-concentration stress (M, 45 % LC50) significantly enhanced the swimming speed, exercise volumes, and localized activity, and high-concentration stress (H, 60 % LC50) caused abnormal behavior and restricted activity. Gill histology and TUNEL assay revealed epithelial swelling and curling of secondary filaments under low-concentration stress. Medium-concentration stress caused localized structural damage and cell apoptosis and high-concentration stress induced severe necrosis and apoptosis in the secondary filaments. Biochemical tests showed significant increases in plasma cortisol, glucose, plasma ammonia, and tumor necrosis factor-α under high-concentration stress. Gill superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity activities were significantly decreased and malondialdehyde levels were increased. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the M and H groups were enriched in pathways related to immune response, antioxidation, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Notably, DEGs related to the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched in the M group, likely to provide energy for immune response and ammonia detoxification. Suppression of antigen processing and presentation may explain why S. prenanti struggles to cope under high ammonia nitrogen stress. S. prenanti shows a certain tolerance to ammonia nitrogen, however, concentrations exceeding 9.6 mg/L result in behavioral abnormalities, gill tissue damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune suppression. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for research on the tolerance and response of S. prenanti to ammonia nitrogen and offer a new perspective for monitoring and managing ammonia nitrogen stress in intensive aquaculture systems.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425002157Schizothorax prenantiAmmonia nitrogen stressBehavioral quantificationGill oxidative stressRNA-Seq |
| spellingShingle | Yinhua Zhou He Gao Hejiao Li Tianyi Shen Yifan Yao Zhilei Wang Yuting Duan Junting Li Suxing Fu Shidong Liu Rongrong Liao Haiping Liu Luo Lei Chaowei Zhou Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics Aquaculture Reports Schizothorax prenanti Ammonia nitrogen stress Behavioral quantification Gill oxidative stress RNA-Seq |
| title | Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| title_full | Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| title_short | Evaluating the response of Schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| title_sort | evaluating the response of schizothorax prenanti to ammonia nitrogen stress using computer vision and transcriptomics |
| topic | Schizothorax prenanti Ammonia nitrogen stress Behavioral quantification Gill oxidative stress RNA-Seq |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425002157 |
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