Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay
Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as Kala-azar on the Indian subcontinent, is a parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Leishmania donovani and can be fatal if left untreated. The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the only proven vector of VL in the Southeast Asia...
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BMC
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06579-w |
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| author | Rahul Chaubey Ashish Shukla Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Shakti Kumar Singh Om Prakash Singh Rajiv Kumar Phillip Lawyer Edgar Rowton Christine A. Petersen Scott A. Bernhardt Shyam Sundar |
| author_facet | Rahul Chaubey Ashish Shukla Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Shakti Kumar Singh Om Prakash Singh Rajiv Kumar Phillip Lawyer Edgar Rowton Christine A. Petersen Scott A. Bernhardt Shyam Sundar |
| author_sort | Rahul Chaubey |
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| description | Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as Kala-azar on the Indian subcontinent, is a parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Leishmania donovani and can be fatal if left untreated. The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the only proven vector of VL in the Southeast Asia region, and VL control in this region has relied on the use of synthetic insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS). The use of DDT in VL control programmes has led to the development of resistance to this insecticide in sand flies, resulting in DDT being replaced with the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. However, alpha-cypermethrin has a similar mode of action as DDT and, therefore, the risk of resistance development in sand flies increases under the pressure of regular exposure to this insecticide. In the present study we assessed the susceptibility status of wild-caught sand flies and F1 progeny using the CDC bottle bioassay. Methods Sand flies were collected from 10 villages in Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India. Eight of these villages are receiving continuous IRS with alpha-cypermethrin, one village had discontinued IRS with alpha-cypermethrin and one village had never received IRS with alpha-cypermethrin. The collected sand flies were exposed to a pre-determined diagnostic dose for a specific time duration (3 µg/ml for 40 min), and knockdown and mortality at 24 h post-exposure were recorded. Results Knockdown ranged from 91.19% to 99.47% for wild-caught sand flies and from 91.70% to 98.89% for their F1 progeny. At 24 h post-exposure, mortality ranged from 89.34% to 98.93% for wild-caught sand flies and from 90.16% to 98.33% for F1 progeny. Conclusions The results of this study showed that P. argentipes is potentially developing resistance, signalling the need for continuous monitoring and vigilance to sustain the validation of elimination once achieved. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-85580ae57e3a46feb2bea98f3678220c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj-art-85580ae57e3a46feb2bea98f3678220c2024-12-08T12:20:29ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052024-12-011711810.1186/s13071-024-06579-wMonitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassayRahul Chaubey0Ashish Shukla1Anurag Kumar Kushwaha2Shakti Kumar Singh3Om Prakash Singh4Rajiv Kumar5Phillip Lawyer6Edgar Rowton7Christine A. Petersen8Scott A. Bernhardt9Shyam Sundar10Kala-Azar Medical Research Center (KAMRC)Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityNational Museum of Natural History, Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate ChangeDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityCentre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityArthropod Collections, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young UniversityDivision of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchDepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of IowaDepartment of Biology, Utah State UniversityKala-Azar Medical Research Center (KAMRC)Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as Kala-azar on the Indian subcontinent, is a parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Leishmania donovani and can be fatal if left untreated. The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the only proven vector of VL in the Southeast Asia region, and VL control in this region has relied on the use of synthetic insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS). The use of DDT in VL control programmes has led to the development of resistance to this insecticide in sand flies, resulting in DDT being replaced with the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. However, alpha-cypermethrin has a similar mode of action as DDT and, therefore, the risk of resistance development in sand flies increases under the pressure of regular exposure to this insecticide. In the present study we assessed the susceptibility status of wild-caught sand flies and F1 progeny using the CDC bottle bioassay. Methods Sand flies were collected from 10 villages in Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India. Eight of these villages are receiving continuous IRS with alpha-cypermethrin, one village had discontinued IRS with alpha-cypermethrin and one village had never received IRS with alpha-cypermethrin. The collected sand flies were exposed to a pre-determined diagnostic dose for a specific time duration (3 µg/ml for 40 min), and knockdown and mortality at 24 h post-exposure were recorded. Results Knockdown ranged from 91.19% to 99.47% for wild-caught sand flies and from 91.70% to 98.89% for their F1 progeny. At 24 h post-exposure, mortality ranged from 89.34% to 98.93% for wild-caught sand flies and from 90.16% to 98.33% for F1 progeny. Conclusions The results of this study showed that P. argentipes is potentially developing resistance, signalling the need for continuous monitoring and vigilance to sustain the validation of elimination once achieved. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06579-wPhlebotomus argentipesDiagnostic dose and exposure timeInsecticide susceptibilityCDC bottle bioassay |
| spellingShingle | Rahul Chaubey Ashish Shukla Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Shakti Kumar Singh Om Prakash Singh Rajiv Kumar Phillip Lawyer Edgar Rowton Christine A. Petersen Scott A. Bernhardt Shyam Sundar Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay Parasites & Vectors Phlebotomus argentipes Diagnostic dose and exposure time Insecticide susceptibility CDC bottle bioassay |
| title | Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay |
| title_full | Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay |
| title_short | Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay |
| title_sort | monitoring alpha cypermethrin susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in india using the cdc bottle bioassay |
| topic | Phlebotomus argentipes Diagnostic dose and exposure time Insecticide susceptibility CDC bottle bioassay |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06579-w |
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