Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne

Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide city residents contact with nature, offering mental and physical health benefits. However, residents’ access to green spaces in cities can be associated with their socioeconomic status (SESs). This study utilizes the Kernel Density tool as an innovative method to me...

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Main Authors: Parian Hoseini, Pooriya Mohseni, Piret Veeroja, Greg Foliente
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3940
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author Parian Hoseini
Pooriya Mohseni
Piret Veeroja
Greg Foliente
author_facet Parian Hoseini
Pooriya Mohseni
Piret Veeroja
Greg Foliente
author_sort Parian Hoseini
collection DOAJ
description Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide city residents contact with nature, offering mental and physical health benefits. However, residents’ access to green spaces in cities can be associated with their socioeconomic status (SESs). This study utilizes the Kernel Density tool as an innovative method to measure UGS inequities and their relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates. Next, the UGS patterns and their potential implications for CVD are examined across suburbs with a range of SES levels in Melbourne, Australia. The proposed method is tested in conjunction with two commonly used measures of accessibility (Network Analysis) and provision (UGS per capita). The results show that more advantaged suburbs have better access to UGS and lower CVD rates. Moreover, the analysis reveals that a more geographically dispersed UGS pattern, predominantly observed in higher SES suburbs, can be associated with lower CVD than a concentrated pattern, and the integration of the SES and UGS indicators through Kernel Density analysis reveals that inequitable access to green spaces disproportionately impacts the health incomes of socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Finally, the Kernel Density and Network Analysis tools in ArcGIS can serve as effective supplementary methods for addressing similar considerations in UGS planning and policy.
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spelling doaj-art-83bccb6eafa749fa8f41d3d97cd3ff0d2025-08-20T03:08:44ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-04-01157394010.3390/app15073940Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan MelbourneParian Hoseini0Pooriya Mohseni1Piret Veeroja2Greg Foliente3School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033, AustraliaSchool of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033, AustraliaCentre for Urban Transition, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn 3122, AustraliaDepartment of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, AustraliaUrban green spaces (UGSs) provide city residents contact with nature, offering mental and physical health benefits. However, residents’ access to green spaces in cities can be associated with their socioeconomic status (SESs). This study utilizes the Kernel Density tool as an innovative method to measure UGS inequities and their relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates. Next, the UGS patterns and their potential implications for CVD are examined across suburbs with a range of SES levels in Melbourne, Australia. The proposed method is tested in conjunction with two commonly used measures of accessibility (Network Analysis) and provision (UGS per capita). The results show that more advantaged suburbs have better access to UGS and lower CVD rates. Moreover, the analysis reveals that a more geographically dispersed UGS pattern, predominantly observed in higher SES suburbs, can be associated with lower CVD than a concentrated pattern, and the integration of the SES and UGS indicators through Kernel Density analysis reveals that inequitable access to green spaces disproportionately impacts the health incomes of socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Finally, the Kernel Density and Network Analysis tools in ArcGIS can serve as effective supplementary methods for addressing similar considerations in UGS planning and policy.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3940environmental justicephysical healthurban green space planningurban development policy
spellingShingle Parian Hoseini
Pooriya Mohseni
Piret Veeroja
Greg Foliente
Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
Applied Sciences
environmental justice
physical health
urban green space planning
urban development policy
title Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
title_full Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
title_fullStr Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
title_full_unstemmed Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
title_short Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne
title_sort urban green space inequity socioeconomic disparities and potential health implications in metropolitan melbourne
topic environmental justice
physical health
urban green space planning
urban development policy
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3940
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AT pooriyamohseni urbangreenspaceinequitysocioeconomicdisparitiesandpotentialhealthimplicationsinmetropolitanmelbourne
AT piretveeroja urbangreenspaceinequitysocioeconomicdisparitiesandpotentialhealthimplicationsinmetropolitanmelbourne
AT gregfoliente urbangreenspaceinequitysocioeconomicdisparitiesandpotentialhealthimplicationsinmetropolitanmelbourne