Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes
Riboflavin or vitamin B2 plays significant roles in metabolic reactions and energy production, establishing it as an important research subject in biology and medicine. While there are numerous riboflavin-related publications in these fields, interrogation of its electronic properties in relation to...
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Elsevier
2024-10-01
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| author | Akmal Fathurrahman Zullkifli Mohammad Nofil Chethan C. Thimmarayappa Prince Nishchal Narayanaswamy Elumalai Sara Talebi Mitsumasa Iwamoto Vengadesh Periasamy |
| author_facet | Akmal Fathurrahman Zullkifli Mohammad Nofil Chethan C. Thimmarayappa Prince Nishchal Narayanaswamy Elumalai Sara Talebi Mitsumasa Iwamoto Vengadesh Periasamy |
| author_sort | Akmal Fathurrahman Zullkifli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Riboflavin or vitamin B2 plays significant roles in metabolic reactions and energy production, establishing it as an important research subject in biology and medicine. While there are numerous riboflavin-related publications in these fields, interrogation of its electronic properties in relation to the physiological function at the cellular level remains obscure due to technological challenges. However, progress in molecular electronics and the discovery of the semiconductor-like behaviour of biomolecules in recent times have initiated growing interest in exploring the electronic properties of these materials for potential bioelectronic device applications. In this work, we demonstrate novel semiconductor-like behaviour in riboflavin within a gold/Riboflavin/gold Schottky junction. We observed the occurrence of two negative differential resistance peaks at low voltages of 1.5 and 2.0 V, probably the first-ever report of this effect in a biomolecule. Interestingly, the proposed mechanism simulates a single Schottky junction behaviour despite the physical existence of two junctions. Solid-state parameters such as turn-on voltage, shunt resistance, and ideality factor were also calculated using Conventional and Cheung and Cheung’s methods. The results were highly characteristic to the riboflavin studied when compared to previous works on biomolecules. This opens up the possibility of developing solid-state sensors for electronically characterising biomolecules like vitamins to help advance our understanding of the electronic properties of these essential nutrients. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7f8fe0cfdb2242689b22af87ed7def35 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-7f8fe0cfdb2242689b22af87ed7def352024-11-12T05:20:37ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-10-011020e39411Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodesAkmal Fathurrahman Zullkifli0Mohammad Nofil1Chethan C. Thimmarayappa2Prince Nishchal Narayanaswamy Elumalai3Sara Talebi4Mitsumasa Iwamoto5Vengadesh Periasamy6Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaLow Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaLow Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaLow Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaeProfiler Solutions Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Suite 3.5, Level 3, UM Innovation Incubator Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; eProfiler Solutions Ltd (UK), Grendon Lodge, Long Street, Atherstone, Warwickshire, CV9 1BA, United KingdomTokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, JapanLow Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; eProfiler Solutions Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Suite 3.5, Level 3, UM Innovation Incubator Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; eProfiler Solutions Ltd (UK), Grendon Lodge, Long Street, Atherstone, Warwickshire, CV9 1BA, United Kingdom; Corresponding author. Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Riboflavin or vitamin B2 plays significant roles in metabolic reactions and energy production, establishing it as an important research subject in biology and medicine. While there are numerous riboflavin-related publications in these fields, interrogation of its electronic properties in relation to the physiological function at the cellular level remains obscure due to technological challenges. However, progress in molecular electronics and the discovery of the semiconductor-like behaviour of biomolecules in recent times have initiated growing interest in exploring the electronic properties of these materials for potential bioelectronic device applications. In this work, we demonstrate novel semiconductor-like behaviour in riboflavin within a gold/Riboflavin/gold Schottky junction. We observed the occurrence of two negative differential resistance peaks at low voltages of 1.5 and 2.0 V, probably the first-ever report of this effect in a biomolecule. Interestingly, the proposed mechanism simulates a single Schottky junction behaviour despite the physical existence of two junctions. Solid-state parameters such as turn-on voltage, shunt resistance, and ideality factor were also calculated using Conventional and Cheung and Cheung’s methods. The results were highly characteristic to the riboflavin studied when compared to previous works on biomolecules. This opens up the possibility of developing solid-state sensors for electronically characterising biomolecules like vitamins to help advance our understanding of the electronic properties of these essential nutrients.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024154424RiboflavinTwo-terminal PCBBiosensorBiomoleculeElectronics |
| spellingShingle | Akmal Fathurrahman Zullkifli Mohammad Nofil Chethan C. Thimmarayappa Prince Nishchal Narayanaswamy Elumalai Sara Talebi Mitsumasa Iwamoto Vengadesh Periasamy Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes Heliyon Riboflavin Two-terminal PCB Biosensor Biomolecule Electronics |
| title | Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| title_full | Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| title_fullStr | Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| title_short | Semiconductive-like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self-assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| title_sort | semiconductive like behaviour and negative differential effect observed in self assembled riboflavin layer on gold electrodes |
| topic | Riboflavin Two-terminal PCB Biosensor Biomolecule Electronics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024154424 |
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