Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
<i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a gut-derived uremic toxin with proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, has been implicated in cardiovascular injuries among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic stiffness (AS), assessed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a reco...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Yahn-Bor Chern Ken Lee Chia Chin-Hung Liu Yu-Li Lin Jen-Pi Tsai Bang-Gee Hsu |
| author_facet | Yahn-Bor Chern Ken Lee Chia Chin-Hung Liu Yu-Li Lin Jen-Pi Tsai Bang-Gee Hsu |
| author_sort | Yahn-Bor Chern |
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| description | <i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a gut-derived uremic toxin with proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, has been implicated in cardiovascular injuries among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic stiffness (AS), assessed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the association between serum PCS levels and AS in patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD. In total, 165 patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD were enrolled. Clinical data and fasting blood samples were collected. Arterial stiffness (AS) was assessed bilaterally by measuring carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) on both the left and right sides. A value above 10 m/s was considered indicative of increased stiffness. Serum PCS levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty patients (30.3%) had AS. The AS group was significantly older and had higher diabetes prevalence, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, urinary protein-creatinine ratio, and PCS levels than the control group. In the multivariate analysis, both PCS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.097; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.024–1.175; <i>p</i> = 0.008) and age (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.025–1.090; <i>p</i> < 0.001) were independently associated with AS. In conclusion, elevated serum PCS and older age were independently associated with AS. Thus, PCS is a potential early marker of vascular damage in CKD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7decfc938b3445e79194cda75c5bca57 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7decfc938b3445e79194cda75c5bca572025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292025-07-01157111610.3390/life15071116Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease PatientsYahn-Bor Chern0Ken Lee Chia1Chin-Hung Liu2Yu-Li Lin3Jen-Pi Tsai4Bang-Gee Hsu5Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan’s General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, TaiwanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, TaiwanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, TaiwanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan<i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a gut-derived uremic toxin with proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, has been implicated in cardiovascular injuries among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic stiffness (AS), assessed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the association between serum PCS levels and AS in patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD. In total, 165 patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD were enrolled. Clinical data and fasting blood samples were collected. Arterial stiffness (AS) was assessed bilaterally by measuring carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) on both the left and right sides. A value above 10 m/s was considered indicative of increased stiffness. Serum PCS levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty patients (30.3%) had AS. The AS group was significantly older and had higher diabetes prevalence, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, urinary protein-creatinine ratio, and PCS levels than the control group. In the multivariate analysis, both PCS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.097; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.024–1.175; <i>p</i> = 0.008) and age (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.025–1.090; <i>p</i> < 0.001) were independently associated with AS. In conclusion, elevated serum PCS and older age were independently associated with AS. Thus, PCS is a potential early marker of vascular damage in CKD.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/1116carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity<i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfatechronic kidney diseaseaortic stiffnessbiomarker |
| spellingShingle | Yahn-Bor Chern Ken Lee Chia Chin-Hung Liu Yu-Li Lin Jen-Pi Tsai Bang-Gee Hsu Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Life carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity <i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfate chronic kidney disease aortic stiffness biomarker |
| title | Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients |
| title_full | Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients |
| title_fullStr | Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients |
| title_short | Serum <i>p</i>-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients |
| title_sort | serum i p i cresyl sulfate is independently associated with aortic stiffness in non dialysis chronic kidney disease patients |
| topic | carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity <i>p</i>-Cresyl sulfate chronic kidney disease aortic stiffness biomarker |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/1116 |
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