Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects
The macroseismic intensity of the February 6, 2012, Negros Oriental earthquake (MW 6.7), which affected the islands of Negros and Cebu, central Philippines, has been reassessed in this study using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-2007). This earthquake caused a ∼75-km-long surface rupt...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475705.2024.2311890 |
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| author | Sambit Prasanajit Naik Jeremy M. Rimando Himanshu Mittal Rolly E. Rimando Sabina Porfido Young-Seog Kim |
| author_facet | Sambit Prasanajit Naik Jeremy M. Rimando Himanshu Mittal Rolly E. Rimando Sabina Porfido Young-Seog Kim |
| author_sort | Sambit Prasanajit Naik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The macroseismic intensity of the February 6, 2012, Negros Oriental earthquake (MW 6.7), which affected the islands of Negros and Cebu, central Philippines, has been reassessed in this study using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-2007). This earthquake caused a ∼75-km-long surface rupture along a previously unmapped fault and resulted in extensive landslides, localized liquefaction, lateral spreading, a tsunami, and widespread damage to infrastructure near the epicentral area. Considering the widespread earthquake environmental effects (EEEs), ESI-2007 intensities were evaluated for 324 locations covering an area of approximately 1000 km2 within the Negros and Cebu Islands. A systematic comparison was conducted between the ESI-2007 scale and the traditional intensity scales (PHIVOLCS earthquake intensity scale (PEIS) and Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MM) along with the generation of an ESI-2007 shake map, which is solely based on site-specific ESI-2007 intensity values. According to the ESI-2007 scale, the epicentral intensity I0=X is assessed. This is two degrees higher than the intensity of the PEIS, and three degrees higher than the modified MM intensity provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The intensity difference may also be due to the lack of suitable observations of building damage data in this sparsely populated region of the Philippines. Comparison of the ShakeMap that was constructed using the ESI-2007 intensities with the PHIVOLCS and USGS ShakeMap suggests that the instrumental or structural damage-based intensity maps underestimate the seismic intensity for the 2012 Negros Oriental earthquake. The ESI-2007 ShakeMap presented in this work is pertinent for the assessment of future seismic risk associated with other earthquake generators in the vicinity of the islands of Negros and Cebu. It can be integrated with the PEIS or MM intensity scale to improve disaster management and planning, post-earthquake recovery efforts, and damage estimation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7dd97e590d5b4d7c8ef29e3688e9a704 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1947-5705 1947-5713 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
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| series | Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk |
| spelling | doaj-art-7dd97e590d5b4d7c8ef29e3688e9a7042024-12-12T18:11:16ZengTaylor & Francis GroupGeomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk1947-57051947-57132024-12-0115110.1080/19475705.2024.2311890Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effectsSambit Prasanajit Naik0Jeremy M. Rimando1Himanshu Mittal2Rolly E. Rimando3Sabina Porfido4Young-Seog Kim5Active Fault and Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan, South KoreaDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaNational Center for Seismology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, New Delhi, IndiaPhilippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, PHIVOLCS Bldg, Quezon City, PhilippinesIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, ItalyActive Fault and Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan, South KoreaThe macroseismic intensity of the February 6, 2012, Negros Oriental earthquake (MW 6.7), which affected the islands of Negros and Cebu, central Philippines, has been reassessed in this study using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-2007). This earthquake caused a ∼75-km-long surface rupture along a previously unmapped fault and resulted in extensive landslides, localized liquefaction, lateral spreading, a tsunami, and widespread damage to infrastructure near the epicentral area. Considering the widespread earthquake environmental effects (EEEs), ESI-2007 intensities were evaluated for 324 locations covering an area of approximately 1000 km2 within the Negros and Cebu Islands. A systematic comparison was conducted between the ESI-2007 scale and the traditional intensity scales (PHIVOLCS earthquake intensity scale (PEIS) and Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MM) along with the generation of an ESI-2007 shake map, which is solely based on site-specific ESI-2007 intensity values. According to the ESI-2007 scale, the epicentral intensity I0=X is assessed. This is two degrees higher than the intensity of the PEIS, and three degrees higher than the modified MM intensity provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The intensity difference may also be due to the lack of suitable observations of building damage data in this sparsely populated region of the Philippines. Comparison of the ShakeMap that was constructed using the ESI-2007 intensities with the PHIVOLCS and USGS ShakeMap suggests that the instrumental or structural damage-based intensity maps underestimate the seismic intensity for the 2012 Negros Oriental earthquake. The ESI-2007 ShakeMap presented in this work is pertinent for the assessment of future seismic risk associated with other earthquake generators in the vicinity of the islands of Negros and Cebu. It can be integrated with the PEIS or MM intensity scale to improve disaster management and planning, post-earthquake recovery efforts, and damage estimation.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475705.2024.2311890Philippines2012 Negros Oriental earthquakeintensitysurface ruptureESI-2007ShakeMap |
| spellingShingle | Sambit Prasanajit Naik Jeremy M. Rimando Himanshu Mittal Rolly E. Rimando Sabina Porfido Young-Seog Kim Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk Philippines 2012 Negros Oriental earthquake intensity surface rupture ESI-2007 ShakeMap |
| title | Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects |
| title_full | Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects |
| title_fullStr | Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects |
| title_short | Reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude (MW) 6.7 Negros Oriental (Philippines) earthquake intensity and ShakeMap generation by using ESI-2007 environmental effects |
| title_sort | reappraisal of the 2012 magnitude mw 6 7 negros oriental philippines earthquake intensity and shakemap generation by using esi 2007 environmental effects |
| topic | Philippines 2012 Negros Oriental earthquake intensity surface rupture ESI-2007 ShakeMap |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475705.2024.2311890 |
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