Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia
Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PAINAD (PAINAD-Th) scale for assessing pain in people with dementia (PwD). Materials and methods: A cross-cultural translation of the PAINAD scale involving forward and back-translation to and from Thai was conducted,...
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Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Siriraj Medical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/271644 |
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| author | Natthapapath Boonsawat Patumporn Suraarunsumrit Sutisa Pitiyarn Napaporn Pengsorn Varalak Srinonprasert Sahatsa Mandee Titima Wongviriyawong |
| author_facet | Natthapapath Boonsawat Patumporn Suraarunsumrit Sutisa Pitiyarn Napaporn Pengsorn Varalak Srinonprasert Sahatsa Mandee Titima Wongviriyawong |
| author_sort | Natthapapath Boonsawat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PAINAD (PAINAD-Th) scale for assessing pain in people with dementia (PwD).
Materials and methods: A cross-cultural translation of the PAINAD scale involving forward and back-translation to and from Thai was conducted, and then the content validity index (CVI) of semantic equivalence was evaluated. The PAINAD-Th was tested on 120 videos of PwD. Each participant was recorded in two videos: one during an activity and the other at rest. Subsequently, two trained nurses independently observed the videos and rated the PAINAD-Th to assess inter-rater reliability. The rating process was repeated in one week to investigate the test-retest reliability. The concurrent validity was assessed against the Visual Analogue Scale rated by the expert committee.
Results: The CVI of PAINAD-Th was 1.00 for forward translation and 0.93 for back translation. The PAINAD-Th showed strong correlations with the reference standard (rs=0.854–0.943, p-value <0.001). The inter-rater agreement for the total scores was 0.937 and 0.955, and the test-retest reliabilities were 0.914 to 0.964 for the activity stage and 0.880 for the resting stage, respectively. The concurrent validity index did not vary significantly across different stages of dementia; the findings remained consistent in the delirium subgroup analysis.
Conclusions: The PAINAD-Th is a valuable tool for evaluating pain in PwD, not only in severe dementia but also in moderately severe stage, regardless of concurrent delirium. It also demonstrated good-to-excellent concurrent validity, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7d23bf24bfc3448a918cb3984c412fc1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2228-8082 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Siriraj Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-7d23bf24bfc3448a918cb3984c412fc12025-01-01T07:36:21ZengFaculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalSiriraj Medical Journal2228-80822025-01-0177110.33192/smj.v77i1.271644Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of DementiaNatthapapath Boonsawat0Patumporn Suraarunsumrit1Sutisa Pitiyarn2Napaporn Pengsorn3Varalak Srinonprasert4Sahatsa Mandee5Titima Wongviriyawong6Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDivision of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDivision of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDivision of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandDivision of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PAINAD (PAINAD-Th) scale for assessing pain in people with dementia (PwD). Materials and methods: A cross-cultural translation of the PAINAD scale involving forward and back-translation to and from Thai was conducted, and then the content validity index (CVI) of semantic equivalence was evaluated. The PAINAD-Th was tested on 120 videos of PwD. Each participant was recorded in two videos: one during an activity and the other at rest. Subsequently, two trained nurses independently observed the videos and rated the PAINAD-Th to assess inter-rater reliability. The rating process was repeated in one week to investigate the test-retest reliability. The concurrent validity was assessed against the Visual Analogue Scale rated by the expert committee. Results: The CVI of PAINAD-Th was 1.00 for forward translation and 0.93 for back translation. The PAINAD-Th showed strong correlations with the reference standard (rs=0.854–0.943, p-value <0.001). The inter-rater agreement for the total scores was 0.937 and 0.955, and the test-retest reliabilities were 0.914 to 0.964 for the activity stage and 0.880 for the resting stage, respectively. The concurrent validity index did not vary significantly across different stages of dementia; the findings remained consistent in the delirium subgroup analysis. Conclusions: The PAINAD-Th is a valuable tool for evaluating pain in PwD, not only in severe dementia but also in moderately severe stage, regardless of concurrent delirium. It also demonstrated good-to-excellent concurrent validity, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/271644PainDementiaReproducibility of Results |
| spellingShingle | Natthapapath Boonsawat Patumporn Suraarunsumrit Sutisa Pitiyarn Napaporn Pengsorn Varalak Srinonprasert Sahatsa Mandee Titima Wongviriyawong Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia Siriraj Medical Journal Pain Dementia Reproducibility of Results |
| title | Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia |
| title_full | Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia |
| title_fullStr | Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia |
| title_short | Reliability and Validity of the Thai Version of the PAINAD Scale: An Extended Application of Pain Assessment in the Moderately Severe Stage of Dementia |
| title_sort | reliability and validity of the thai version of the painad scale an extended application of pain assessment in the moderately severe stage of dementia |
| topic | Pain Dementia Reproducibility of Results |
| url | https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/271644 |
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