Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time

Abstract Stably representing recurring visual scenes is crucial for behavior. However, previous studies report varying degrees of gradual neural activity changes over time in slow dynamic (1-5 seconds) firing rate code. Here we show that temporal codes, which capture structures in visually evoked fa...

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Main Authors: Hanlin Zhu, Fei He, Pavlo Zolotavin, Saumil Patel, Andreas S. Tolias, Lan Luan, Chong Xie
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62069-2
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author Hanlin Zhu
Fei He
Pavlo Zolotavin
Saumil Patel
Andreas S. Tolias
Lan Luan
Chong Xie
author_facet Hanlin Zhu
Fei He
Pavlo Zolotavin
Saumil Patel
Andreas S. Tolias
Lan Luan
Chong Xie
author_sort Hanlin Zhu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Stably representing recurring visual scenes is crucial for behavior. However, previous studies report varying degrees of gradual neural activity changes over time in slow dynamic (1-5 seconds) firing rate code. Here we show that temporal codes, which capture structures in visually evoked fast (tens of milliseconds) spiking patterns, support the stability of visual representations. We tracked the spiking responses of the same visual cortical populations in male mice for 15 consecutive days using custom-developed, large-scale, ultraflexible electrode arrays. Across various stimuli, neurons exhibited different day-to-day stability in their firing rate-based tuning. The across day stability correlated with tuning reliability. Notably, temporal codes increased single neuron tuning stability, especially for less reliable neurons. Temporal coding further improved population representation discriminability and decoding accuracy. The stability of temporal codes was more correlated with network functional connectivity than rate coding. Thus, temporal coding may be essential in ensuring consistent sensory experiences over time.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2041-1723
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
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series Nature Communications
spelling doaj-art-7ce3e666af384bffb0ac9b421abb3de42025-08-20T03:46:09ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-08-0116112010.1038/s41467-025-62069-2Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over timeHanlin Zhu0Fei He1Pavlo Zolotavin2Saumil Patel3Andreas S. Tolias4Lan Luan5Chong Xie6Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stanford UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stanford UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityAbstract Stably representing recurring visual scenes is crucial for behavior. However, previous studies report varying degrees of gradual neural activity changes over time in slow dynamic (1-5 seconds) firing rate code. Here we show that temporal codes, which capture structures in visually evoked fast (tens of milliseconds) spiking patterns, support the stability of visual representations. We tracked the spiking responses of the same visual cortical populations in male mice for 15 consecutive days using custom-developed, large-scale, ultraflexible electrode arrays. Across various stimuli, neurons exhibited different day-to-day stability in their firing rate-based tuning. The across day stability correlated with tuning reliability. Notably, temporal codes increased single neuron tuning stability, especially for less reliable neurons. Temporal coding further improved population representation discriminability and decoding accuracy. The stability of temporal codes was more correlated with network functional connectivity than rate coding. Thus, temporal coding may be essential in ensuring consistent sensory experiences over time.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62069-2
spellingShingle Hanlin Zhu
Fei He
Pavlo Zolotavin
Saumil Patel
Andreas S. Tolias
Lan Luan
Chong Xie
Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
Nature Communications
title Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
title_full Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
title_fullStr Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
title_full_unstemmed Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
title_short Temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
title_sort temporal coding carries more stable cortical visual representations than firing rate over time
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62069-2
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AT saumilpatel temporalcodingcarriesmorestablecorticalvisualrepresentationsthanfiringrateovertime
AT andreasstolias temporalcodingcarriesmorestablecorticalvisualrepresentationsthanfiringrateovertime
AT lanluan temporalcodingcarriesmorestablecorticalvisualrepresentationsthanfiringrateovertime
AT chongxie temporalcodingcarriesmorestablecorticalvisualrepresentationsthanfiringrateovertime